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DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM

J. A. Fleming, Director

Scientific Results of Cruise VII of the Carnegie during 1928-1929
under Command of Captain J. P. Ault

BIOLOGY- IV

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF THE LAST CRUISE

OF THE CARNEGIE

I THE PHYTOPLANKTON
II MARINE ALGAE

III POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS

IV THE MYSIDS

• V THE ISOPODS
VI THE HALOBATES

Herbert W. Graham
William Albert Setchell
Aaron L. Tread well
W. M. Tattersall
James O. Maloney
Harry G. Barber
Alexander Wetmore

VII LIST OF BIRDS

VIII MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS

THE SPONGE M. W. de Laubenfels

THE ECHINODERMS Austin H. Clark

THE INSECTS AND MITES E. A. Chapin and others

Hoyt S. Hopkins

THE PYROSOMIDS
THE LIZARD

Doris M. Cochran

CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON PUBLICATION 555

WASHINGTON, D. C.
1943

This book first issued July 15, 1943

PREFACE

Of the 110,000 nautical miles planned for the seventh
cruise of the nonmagnetic ship Carnegie of the Carnegie
Institution of Washington, nearly one-half had been com-
pleted on her arrival at Apia, November 28, 1929. The
extensive program of observation in terrestrial magnet-
ism, terrestrial electricity, chemical oceanography,
physical oceanography, marine biology, and marine me-
teorology was being carried out in virtually every detail.
Practical techniques and instrumental appliances for
oceanographic work on a sailing vessel had been most
successfully developed by Captain J. P. Ault, master and
chief of the scientific personnel, and his colleagues. The
high standards established under the energetic and re-
sourceful leadership of Dr. Louis A. Bauer and his co-
workers were maintained, and the achievements which
had marked the previous work of the Carnegie extended.

But this cruise was tragically the last of the seven
great adventures represented by the world cruises of the
vessel. Early in the afternoon of November 29, 1929,
while she was in the harbor at Apia completing the storage
of 2000 gallons of gasoline, there was an explosion as a
result of which Captain Ault and cabin boy Anthony Kolar
lost their lives, five officers and seamen were injured,
and the vessel with all her equipment was destroyed.

In 376 days at sea nearly 45,000 nautical miles had
been covered (see map, p. iv). In addition to the exten-
sive magnetic and atmospheric-electric observations, a
great number of data and marine collections had been
obtained in the field of chemistry, physics, and biology,
including bottom samples and depth determinations.
These observations were made at 162 stations, at an av-
erage distance apart of 300 nautical miles. The distri-
bution of these stations is shown in the map, which de-
lineates also the course followed by the vessel from
Washington, May 1, 1928, to Apia, November 28, 1929.
At each station, salinities and temperatures were ob-
tained at depths of 0, 5, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400,
500, 700, 1000, 1500, etc., meters, down to the bottom or
to a maximum of 6000 meters, and complete physical and
chemical determinations were made. Biological sam-
ples to the number of 1014 were obtained both by net and
by pump, usually at 0, 50, and 100 meters. Numerous
physical and chemical data were obtained at the surface.
Sonic depths were determined at 1500 points and bottom
samples were obtained at 87 points. Since, in accord-
ance with the established policy of the Department of
Terrestrial Magnetism, all observational data and ma-
terials were forwarded regularly to Washington from
each port of call, the records of only one observation
were lost with the ship, namely, a depth determination
on the short leg between Pago Pago and Apia.

The compilations of, and reports on, the scientific
results obtained during this last cruise of the Carnegie
are being published under the classifications Physical
Oceanography, Chemical Oceanography, Meteorology,
and Biology, in a series numbered, under each subject,
I, n, and m, etc.

A general account of the expedition has been prepared
and published by J. Harland Paul, ship's surgeon and ob-
server, under the title The last cruise of the Carnegie.
and contains a brief chapter on the previous cruises of
the Carnegie, a description of the vessel and her equip-
ment, and a full narrative of the cruise (Baltimore, Wil-
liams and Wilkins Company, 1932; xiii + 331 pages with
198 illustrations).

Thepreparationsfor, and the realization of, the pro-
gram would have been impossible without the generous
cooperation, expert advice, and contributions of special
equipment and books received on all sides from inter-
ested organizations and investigators beth in America
and in Europe. Among these, the Carnegie Institution of
Washington is indebted to the following: the United States
Navy Department, including particularly its Hydrographic
Office and Naval Research Laboratory; the Signal Corps
and the Air Corps of the War Department; the National
Museum, the Bureau of Fisheries, the Weather Bureau,
the Coast Guard, and the Coast and Geodetic Survey; the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of
California; the Museum of Comparative Zoology of Har-
vard University; the School of Geography of Clark Uni-
versity; the American Radio Relay League; the Geophys-
ical Institute, Bergen, Norway; the Marine Biological
Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, England;
the German Atlantic Expedition of the Meteor , Institut
fur Meereskunde, Berlin, Germany; the British Admiral-
ty, London, England; the Carlsberg Laboratorim, Bu-
reau International pour I'Exploration de la Mer, and
Laboratoire Hydrographique, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
many others. Dr. H. U. Sverdrup, now Director of the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of
California, at La Jolla, California, who was then a Re-
search Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washing-
ton at the Geophysical Institute at Bergen, Norway, was
consulting oceanographer and physicist.

In summarizing an enterprise such as the magnetic,
electric, and oceanographic surveys of the Carnegie and
of her predecessor the Galilee, which covered a quar-
ter of a century, and which required cooperative effort
and unselfish interest on the part of many skilled scien-
tists, it is impossible to allocate full and appropriate
credit. Captain W. J. Peters laid the broad foundation of
the work during the early cruises of both vessels, and
Captain J. P. Ault, who had had the good fortune to serve
under him, continued and developed that which Captain
Peters had so well begun. The original plan of the work
was envisioned by L. A. Bauer, the first Director of the
Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institu-
tion of Washington; the development of suitable methods
and apparatus was the result of the painstaking efforts of
his co-workers at Washington. Truly, as was stated by
Captain Ault in an address during the commemorative
exercises held on board the Carnegi e in San Francisco,
August 26, 1929, "The story of individual endeavor and
enterprise, of invention and accomplishment, cannot be
told."

Dr. H. W. Graham, who succeeded H. R. Seiwell as
chemist and biologist, had charge of the biological work
on board the Carnegie from August 1929 until the loss of
the vessel at Apia, Samoa. After his return to this coun-
try. Dr. Graham was placed in charge of the biological
collections, attending to their subsequent care, segrega-
tion, and distribution to various specialists for examina-
tion and report, he, himself, undertaking the reportingof
the Peridinials. His memoir, "Studies in the morphol-
ogy, taxonomy, and ecology of the Peridiniales," is Bi-
ology III of this series. He also examined and prepared
a report on the "Phytoplankton" which is the first of
twelve biological reports grouped in the present volume.

The macroscopic algae, gathered from the North
Atlantic and South Pacific oceans, were examined by

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PREFACE

Professor William Albert Setchell of the Department of
Botany of the University of California.

A fairly large collection of polychaetous annelids
was amassed, mostly from the open Pacific and Atlantic
oceans. The annelid fauna of our high seas is most im-
perfectly known; of the twenty-eight species examined,
fifteen, or more than half, are new. Professor Aaron L.
Treadwell of the Department of Zoology of Vassar Col-
lege made the examination of and report on these speci-
mens.

A group of eighty-four specimens of Mysidacea were
taken mainly from the open tropical Atlantic and Pacific
oceans, away from land. Fifteen species, two of which
are new to science, were identified and reported on by
Dr. W. M. Tattersall of the Department of Zoology of
the University College of South Wales.

Dr. Alexander Wetmore of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion of Washington identified the bird specimens and
distributed the specimens of isopods, echinoderms, and
lizard to J. O. Maloney, Austin H. Clark, and Miss Doris
M. Cochran, respectively.

Fifty-seven specimens of insects and mites were
sent to Harold Morrison at the United States Bureau of
Entomology of the National Museum. Identifications

were made by various investigators as noted under Mis-
cellaneous Determinations. The examination of the
Halobates was undertaken by Harry G. Barber of the
United States Department of Agriculture.

The collection of Pyrosomidae contained but eight
specimens, and these, with one exception, were too im-
mature for identification as to species. Notes on the
state of development, dimensions, etc., have been sub-
mitted by Dr. Hoyt S. Hopkins of the New York Univer-
sity; these will be of service to investigators interested
in following up the development of the colony in Pyro-
soma.

Among the collections of the Carnegie was one spec-
imen of sponge found on the reef at Apia, Samoa, in
April 1929, which has been identified as either Haliclona
cinerea (Grant) new combination or Reniera cinerea
(Grant) Schmidt by Dr. M. W. de Laubenfels.

The present volume is the sixth in the series "Sci-
entific results of cruise VII of the Carnegie during 1928-
1929 under command of Captain J. P. Ault." It is the
fourth one devoted to Biological Reports.

J. A. Fleming
Director, Department of Terrestrial Magnetism

CONTENTS

I THE PHYTOPLANKTON

II MARINE ALGAE

III POLYCHAETOUS ANNEUDS

IV THE MYSIDS
V THE ISOPODS

VI THE HALOBATES

VII UST OF BIRDS

Vin MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS
THE SPONGE
THE ECHINODERMS
THE INSECTS AND MITES
THE PYROSOMIDS
THE LIZARD

Page

Herbert W. Graham

1

William Albert Setchell

15

Aaron L. Treadwell

29

W. M. Tattersall

61

James O. Maloney

73

Harry G. Barber

77

Alexander Wetmore

85

M. W. de Laubenfels

91

Austin H. Clark

91

E. A. Chapin and others

91

Hoyt S. Hopkins

92

Doris M. Cochran

92

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

THE PHYTOPLANKTON

HERBERT W. GRAHAM

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

below the stated level. Another uncertainty, caused by
the wire angle, amounts to ± per cent. This error does
not apply to the physical and chemical data.

No examination of the samples could be made on
board ship because of the limited personnel and crowd-
ed program of other work. In the laboratory the sam-
ples were washed into 250-ml graduated cylinders and
allowed to settle over night. Then the water was si-
phoned off, usually to about 20 ml, depending on the
richness of the sample. This concentrate was vigorous-
ly stirred by blowing through it with a pipette after which
1 ml was taken up in the pipette. This milliliter of the
sample was run into a Sedgwick -Rafter counting cell and
ten random counts made of the diatom and dinoflagellate
cells with the aid of a Whipple micrometer. The mean
of the ten counts was taken and from this the number of
cells per liter of sea water at the place of sampling was
computed as described by Whipple (1927). By making
duplicate samplings of the concentrated sample, the er-
ror of the method was computed to be within 10 per cent.
No accuracy is claimed for values below 10 cells per
liter.

The number of all diatom and dinoflagellate cells
has been reported. The Coccolithophoridae escape
through the net as do some of the smaller diatoms.
Some of the dinoflagellates cannot be preserved. Other
algal groups such as the Cyanophyceae and Chlorophy-
ceae were extremely rare in the samples and have not

been reported here. This report, therefore, is restrict-
ed to the diatoms and dinoflagellates that are to be found
in net samples preserved in formaldehyde. Specific
identifications have not been reported. They are of no
particular significance in the present paper and com-
plete lists of diatoms and dinoflagellates with the dis-
cussion of their distribution are reserved for other re-
ports.

The water samples for chemical analysis and the
temperatures were obtained by means of Nansen bottles,
and Richter and Wiese reversing thermometers. Salin-
ities were determined electrometrically with a Wenner
salinity bridge (Wenner, Smith, and Soule, 1930). Dis-
solved oxygen was determined by the Winkler method
Qacobson, 1921), the percentage saturation being com-
puted from the tables of Jacobsen (1925). Phosphates
were determined by the Deniges method as described by
Atkins (1925). For the estimation of silicates the meth-
od of Dienert and Wandenbulcke as modified by Atkins
(1923) was employed. Standards as recommended by
King and Lucas (1928) were used. Hydrogen-ion con-
centration was measured by means of a double-wedge
comparator as described by Moberg (1926). For a more
detailed description of the chemical analysis see the
report of the physical and chemical results obtained on
cruise VII of the Carnegie (in press). With a few excep-
tions the observations and collections were made in the
morning between eight o'clock and noon ship s time.

RESULTS

To simplify the discussion of the data the area in-
vestigated has been divided into three regions: (1) the
southern region, lying south of latitude 20° south; (2)
the tropical region, lying between latitudes 20° south
and 20° north; (3) the northern region, lying north of
latitude 20° north. Figure 1 shows the distribution of
the stations in the regions and the relative abundance of
diatoms and dinoflagellates at all stations.

Southern Region

The southern region included nineteen stations (Car-
negie stations 49 to 68 inclusive), all of which were in
the southeastern Pacific between South America and
longitude 120° west. The most southern station was
number 60 at latitude 40° 24' south. There were forty-
eight samples collected in this region; eighteen at the
surface, sixteen at 50 m, and 14 at 100 m.

This was apparently a barren region. Of the forty-
eight samples eight contained no diatoms or dinoflagel-
lates and thirty-nine had less than 50 cells. Only two
samples had more than 50. One of these, the richest
collected in the southern region, was taken at station 61
and contained 9 diatom and 111 dinoflagellate cells per
liter.

The collections in this region were made in Novem-
ber and December 1928 and January 1929, the southern
summer--a season during which a low plankton produc-
tion would be expected.

The stations in the southern region were distributed
in an area bounded by the edges of the Antarctic Drift,
the Peruvian Currents, and the westward extension of
the Peruvian Current. The only sample with more than
100 cells per liter occurred north of the Antarctic
Drift.

Tropical Region

The tropical region included fifty -five stations (Car-
negie stations 35 to 48, 69 to 108, and 150 to 153) ex-
tending from Panama and Peru as far west as Guam.
Fifteen stations were north of the equator and forty were
in the southern hemisphere. In this region one hundred
and forty-three samples were collected, including fifty-
four at the surface, forty-eight at 50 m, and forty -one at
100 m.

This was another region of very scant plant life. Of
the one hundred and forty-three samples collected,
thirty-eight contained no diatoms or dinoflagellates and
eighty-six of those containing cells had less than 50 per
liter. Six samples contained between 50 and 100 cells.
Only fourteen samples showed more than 100 cells per
liter. Three of these were in the western part of the re-
gion, one in the north central, and the rest in the eastern
part. The richest sample occurred at station 73 on the
surface and contained 2065 diatom cells and 51 dinoflag-
ellate cells per liter of water.

The collections in this region were made at widely
separated dates--from Panama to station 48 during Oc-
tober and November 1928, from station 69 to Peru dur-
ing January 1929, from Peru to Samoa during February
and March 1929, from Samoa to station 108 duringApril
and May 1929, and stations 150 to 153 during October
1929.

The stations in this region lay in the North Equato-
rial, South Equatorial, Counter Equatorial, and Peruvian
currents, and in adjoining waters. Four of the thirty-
eight samples with over 100 cells per liter were widely
separated in the equatorial currents; the remainder
were in the Peruvian Current and its continuation into
the South Equatorial Stream.

THE PHYTOPLANKTON

Northern Region

The northern region included forty stations between
Carnegie stations 109 and 149, which were in the east-
ern and western Pacific and along a great circle course
between Yokohama and San Francisco. The most north-
ern station was number 124 at latitude 52° 19' north. In
this region one hundred and twelve samples were taken:
thirty-nine at the surface, forty at 50 m, and thirty-
three at 100 m.

This was by far the richest region visited. Only
thirteen samples of the one hundred and twelve contained
no diatoms or dinoflagellates, sixty had less than 50
cells, nine counts were between 50 and 100, and thirty
had more than 100 cells--of the last fourteen had more
than 1000. The richest sample obtained on the entire
cruise was taken at 50 m at station 115. It contained
16,954 diatom cells and 26 dinoflagellate cells per liter.

All but one of these very rich samples were con-
fined to the cruise between Yokohama and San Francis-

co, at stations 115 to 125. The other rich station (131)
was about 300 miles southwest of San Francisco.

The dates for the collections in this region were as
follows: from station 109 to Japan, May; Japan to the
United States, June and July; southwest of the United
States, September and October, 1929.

The stations in this region lay near the center of
the North Pacific vortex and in the currents surround-
ing it. In general, the richer samples occurred in the
regions of more rapid currents and nearer land, fur-
ther removed from the center of the vortex. Samples
with more than 100 cells per liter occurred intheKuro-
shio or Japan Current (.beginning with station 115), in its
continuation- -the North Pacific Drift--in the California
Current, and in the water flowing westward from this
current. Stations located in the central part of the North
Pacific, in the northern edge of the North Equatorial
Current, and south of Japan contained less than 100 cells
and most of them less than 50 cells per liter.

DISCUSSION

Comparison of the Regions

A summary of the physical, chemical, and phyto-
plankton data for the three regions is presented in ta-
bles 1 and 2. The highest mean temperatures for the
three levels occurred in the tropical region and the low-
est in the norther region (except at the surface). The
range of temperature was much greater in the northern
region with some values far below any in the other re-
gions. The tropical region had the next greatest range.

The mean salinities were highest in the tropical re-
gion and lowest in the northern region. The range was
greatest in the north and would have been lowest in the
tropics except for the low salinity of the surface water
in the Gulf of Panama.

The hydrogen-ion concentration was greatest in the
south and lowest in the north. The range was greatest
in the north and least in the south.

The highest mean phosphates occurred in the north,
where also the greatest range occurred. The lowest
means were in the south where the range was also low-
est.

Table 1. Summary of the diatom and dinoflagellate

counts (in cells per liter) in the northern, tropical,

and southern regions of the Pacific, showing the

number of samples occurring in selected groups

No. of

samples

No.

Region

Depth

in
meters

containing cells

cells in

1-

100-

Over

richest

100

1000

1000

sample

Northern

2

19

10

8

13,800

50

5

26

5

4

17,000

100

6

24

1

2

1,800

Tropical

10

33

10

1

2,100

50

11

35

2

200

100

16

24

1

150

Southern

17

1

120

50

3

13

20

100

4

10

10

Highest mean oxygen saturations occurred in the
northern region, the lowest in the tropical region. The
greatest ranges occurred in the tropics and the lowest
ranges in the south. The oxygen data are meager here,
however.

Silicate data are available for only the tropical and
northern regions. The means were lower at northern
stations except at the surface. The ranges were great-
er in the north except at the 100-m level.

The Carnegie plankton series is not well distributed
throughout the seasons. Since the ship's itinerary was
planned to take it into the summer in each hemisphere,
it usually was passing through the tropics in the spring
and fall, seasons characterized in higher latitudes by
diatom maxima. No collections were made outside the
tropics in the spring, but samples were obtained in Sep-
tember 1929 in higher latitudes between San Francisco
and Honolulu. Indication of an outburst of diatoms was
found at station 131.

In regard to the density of population of diatoms and
dinoflagellates, all three sections, on the whole, were
regions of very scant plant life (see table 1). The only
exception to the otherwise consistently poor areas was
the region along the Kuroshio Current between stations
115 and 123, unless the area off the coast of Peru be
considered also, at least as a potentially rich area (see
figure 1).

In regard to the vertical distribution of the plankton
there is no indication that the phytoplankton is more
abundant at the 50- and 100-m levels than at the surface.
Of the one hundred and fourteen stations occupied, only
twenty-eight showed richer samples at a level below the
surface. Half of these were in the tropics.

Dinoflagellates

It is well known that dinoflagellates, although more
diversified in form in the tropics, are more numerous
in individuals in the higher latitudes. In the Carnegie
samples the dinoflagellates never attained very large
numbers. In the south only one sample contained more
than 100 cells per liter. In the north only two samples

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

showed 100 or more cells per liter, and in the tropics
there were no counts of dinoflagellates as great as one
hundred.

sented by only two samples (0.09 to 0.29 lower). Mean
phosphates for the richer samples are higher in every
case except one, which is represented by only two sam-

Table 2. Summary of the physical and chemical data and phytoplankton counts from Carnegie collections,
1928-1929, in the northern, tropical, and southern regions of the Pacific Ocean

Region

Depth

in
meters

No. of
sta-
tions

Maxi-
mum

Mini-
mum

Mean

No. of
sta-
tions

Maxi-
mum

Mini-
mum

Mean

No. of
sta-
tions

Maxi-
mum

Mini-
mum

Mean

Temperature, °C

Hyd

rogen-ion, pH i

values

Oxygen saturation

o/o

Northern

50

100

39
40
33

27.40
26.90
25.50

2.15
2.15
1.60

19.17
16.38
14.11

38
39
32

8.47
8.39
8.39

7.96
7.90
7.64

8.23
8.20
8.14

20
20
16

101
118
112

96
96
51

98

102

96

Tropical

50

100

54
48
41

29.48
29.30
28.50

19.56
14.15
11.35

25.95
23.92
22.00

53
47
40

8.47
8.44
8.36

8.03
7.80
7.68

8.22
8.15
8.12

6
5
6

97
95
95

83

15

1

93
76
51

Southern

50

100

19
16
14

23.43
22.55
21.60

14.97
13.45
10.60

18.35
17.45
15.38

19
16
14

8.27
8.26
8.25

8.05
8.05
8.01

8.15
8.13
8.11

2

"i

93
"98

93
"98

93
"98

Salinity, o/oo

Phosphat

e, mg/m3

Silicate

, mg/m

3

Northern

50

100

39
40
33

35.38
35.26
35.17

32.63
32.68
32.78

34.21
34.17
34.21

37
38
31

142
178
228

3
3
3

34

44
60

15
16
12

0.89
1.60
1.00

0.26
0.20
0.26

0.53
0.55
0.60

Tropical

50

100

54
48
41

36.44
36.49
36.36

29.70
34.42
34.60

35.02
35.31
35.41

54
47
40

103
180
234

4
4
4

26
44
58

3
3
3

0.52
1.50
1.75

0.27
0.20
0.20

0.37
0.77
0.88

Southern

50

100

19
16
14

36.17
36.06
35.94

33.91
33.96
33.99

34.86
34.73
34.65

19
16
14

50
60
80

8

9

10

22
27
34

...

Although they never attained the great numbers that
were sometimes reached by the diatoms, the dinoflagel-
lates in the poorer samples often outnumbered the dia-
toms. In the southern region twenty-nine samples out of
the forty-eight (60 per cent) contained more dinoflagel-
lates than diatoms, whereas for the northern region this
applied for sixteen samples out of one hundred and
twelve (14 per cent), and in the tropical region for thirty
out of one hundred and forty-three (21 per cent). The
dinoflagellates outnumbered the diatoms in twenty-five
per cent of all the samples.

Density of Phytoplankton and
Environmental Factors

In regions which have such a wide variation in con-
ditions, and where the plankton life is so poor general-
ly, it would seem that no correlations could be found be-
tween the abundance of plankton and environmental con-
ditions. If we arbitrarily separate the samples, how-
ever, into those showing less than 100 combined diatom
and dinoflagellate cells per liter and those with more
than that number, and compare the data accompanying
them, some interesting relations stand out. Table 3
shows the mean values for certain environmental factors
investigated for the waters containing over 100 cells per
liter and for those containing less than 100 cells for
each level in each region. It will be seen that the mean
temperatures for samples with over 100 cells are lower
in all cases (3f41 to 8.°77 C lower). The mean salinities
for the richer samples are consistently lower (0.03 to
0.99 o/oo lower). In the richer samples the pH values
are lower except in one case where the mean is repre-

ples (17 to 103 mg PO4 per cubic meter higher). As
regards the percentage saturation of oxygen, in one case
the oxygen means for the richer and poorer samples is
the same, in three instances the mean saturation is less
in the richer samples, and in one case it is greater. The
meager silicate data do not suggest any correlations be-
tween number of plant cells and silicate content of the
water.

To summarize we may say that in general the rich-
er samples occurred in water of lower temperature,
lower salinity, lower pH, and higher phosphate content,
whereas little correlation could be found between num-
bers of plant cells and percentage saturation of oxygen,
or between numbers of plant cells and quantity of dis-
solved silicate.

Before discussing these relations further, let us
compare conditions in the open ocean where plankton is
scarce, with conditions in a coastal region where high
productivity is the usual thing. Bigelow and Leslie
(1928) investigated the waters of Monterey Bay, Cali-
fornia, in July 1928. Although their work was carried
on in midsummer when phytoplankton is usually not ex-
pected to be most abundant, yet they report over one
million diatom cells per liter as the average for the
bay. This, therefore, represents an area with water
favorable for diatom production. Table 4 shows a com-
parison of the Monterey Bay surface conditions with
those at the Carnegie northern stations. The Carnegie
stations presented here were occupied from May to Oc-
tober 1929. The data in this table tend further to show
that relatively low temperature, low salinity, high hy-
drogen-ion concentration, and high phosphates are in-
dicative of productive waters, the conclusions arrived

THE PHYTOPLANKTON

Table 3. Comparison of the physical and chemical data for water containing more than 100 diatom and

dinoflagellate cells per liter with that found to contain less than that number from Carnegie

collections, 1928-1929, in the northern, tropical, and southern regionsof the PacificOcean

Region

Depth

in
meters

Means for number of samples with

>100 cells

<100 cells

>100 cells

<100 cells >100 cells <100 cells

Northern
Tropical
Southern

Northern
Tropical
Southern

50

100

50

100

50

100

50

100

50

100

50

100

Temperature, °C

14.23 (17)
11.92 (10)
10.45 (2)

23.24 (12)
20.55 (2)
13.90 (1)

16.90 (1)

23.00 (22)
17.87 (30
14.34 (31)

26.72 (42)
24.07 (46
22.20 (40)

20.31 (18)
17.45 (16
15.38 (14)

33.65 (17)
33.83 (10
33.71 (2)

35.00 (12)
34.74 (2)
34.99 (1)

34.05 (1)

Salinity, o/oo

34.64
34.29

22)
30)
31)

42)
46)

34.24

35.03
35.33
35.42 (40)

34.91 (18)
34.73 (16
34.65 (14)

Hydrogen-ion, pH values

8.14 (16) 8.30 (22)
8.11 (9)

8.15 (2)

8.15 (12)

8.04 (2
7.84 (1)

8.05 (1)

Phosphate, mg/m^

11 (22
31 (30
59 (30

22 (42
44 45

69 (15)
92 (8
84 (1)

39 (12)

30 (2)

159 (1)

46 (1)

56 (39

21 (18
27 (16
34 (14

Oxygen saturation, o/o

98 (5) 98 (15)

99 (4 103 (16)
100 (1) 96 (15)

83 (1) 95 (5)

15 (1) 91 4)

51 (6)

93 (2)

;!;;!!!!!!! "W'd)

Silicate, mg/m^

0.26 (2) 0.57 (13)
0.30 (1) 0.57 (15)
0.60 (12)

0.37 (3)

1.50 (1) 0.40 (2
0.88 (3)

at from a study of the Carnegie data alone. They fur-
ther indicate that the abundance of diatoms bears little
relation to the silicate content of the water or to the
percentage saturation with oxygen during the summer at
least.

Conditions at La Jolla (Allen, 1928) on the coast of
southern California during the second quarter of the
year when diatom production is the greatest, are simi-
lar to conditions at Monterey in July, so that region will
not be discussed.

Lewis (1927) in studying surface catches of phyto-
plankton off the coast of Oregon concludes that the
colder water is more favorable for the production of
diatoms. Water with temperatures below 11° C main-
tained a greater production than water above that tem-
perature.

Table 4. Comparison of surface conditions at Carnegie
northern stations with those at Monterey Bay

Carnegie

stations

Means at

Element

(cells per

liter)

Monterey

Bay for

100

100

July 1928

Temperature, °C

23.00

14.23

13.40

Salinity, o/oo

34.64

33.65

33.87

pH

8.30

8.14

8.14a

PO4, mg/m3

11

69

48

Si02, gm/m'S

0.57

0.26

0.40

O2, per cent total

98

98

99

a Since Bigelow and Leslie did not include pH de-
terminations in their analyses, this value is the ap-
proximate mean of the second quarter of four years
at La Jolla, California, taken from Moberg (14).

VERTICAL CIRCULATION AND REPLENISHMENT OF NUTRIENTS

The data presented here show that certain condi-
tions usually accompany a growth of phytoplankton.
In any study of the relation between the abundance of
phytoplankton and environmental factors, the charac-
teristics of a phytoplankton pulse must be kept in mind.
Atkins (1928) and others have found that when favor-
able conditions occur, such as an abundance of nutri-
ent salts and sufficient illumination, a rapid growth of
phytoplankton is initiated which continues until the nu-
trients are exhausted. If one were to examine the
plankton and the existing conditions of the environ-
ment at different times during the progress of the pulse,
different correlations would be found at different stages.
Just before the rapid growth begins there is a sparse
population in the presence of favorable conditions, such
as high concentrations of nutrients. In other words.

there is a negative relation between abundance of plank-
ton and abundance of nutrients. After rapid growth has
started there is a dense population occurring with com-
paratively high concentrations of nutrients, or a positive
relation between abundance of phytoplankton and of nu-
trients. Near the close of the pulse, when the nutrients
are practically depleted, there is a dense population in
the presence of low concentrations of nutrients which
presents a negative relation again. Still further, after
the close of the pulse, the decay of the organic detritus
may result in a regeneration of nutrients in the upper
levels which creates another minor pulse, but before
this pulse begins there occur together again high con-
centrations of nutrients and a sparse population ofphyto-
planktonic organisms, a negative relation again.

It is obvious, therefore, that any correlations be-

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

tween the abundance of phytoplankton and the abundance
of nutrients, which are drawn from observations made
at any particular instant during a phytoplankton pulse,
are meaningless unless the stage in the development of
the pulse is considered, for, during a single pulse, every
possible combination of the two factors occurs. Such a
phytoplankton pulse as described, however, can run its
course only when there is a single supply of nutrients
which is not augmented during the pulse. Such a situa-
tion is characteristic of cold-temperate regions. In
these latitudes a supply of nutrients is brought to the up-
per levels during the winter when the absence of strong
thermal stratification permits considerable vertical cir-
culation. In the early spring a phytoplankton pulse prob-
ably is initiated by an increased amount of light. At the
same time the temperature of the upper strata begins to
rise and the body of water attains a more stable condi-
tion so that nutrients are no longer supplied in great
quantities from lower depths. It must also be remem-
bered that the abundance of plankton in high latitudes is
of a higher order of magnitude than that in lower lati-
tudes so that the phytoplankton still existing after the
close of a typical northern pulse or "bloom" may be
large as compared with that ordinarily found in other
regions.

The vertical stability of the water probably has
more to do with the abundance of plankton than any other
factor. Whatever is the chemical substance limiting
growth at any particular time, it probably occurs in
abimdance in the deep water where organic remains are
decomposing and any vertical circulation of the water
that brings the deep water to the photosynthetic zone
will increase the fertility of that zone. Various inves-
tigators, viz.. Gran (1912 and 1928), Ruud (1932), Mar-
shall and Orr (1927), and Atkins (1928) hive shown that
the development of the phytoplankton is dependent on a
replenishment of the supply of such nutrient salts as
nitrates and phosphates in the photosynthetic zone, and
that such a replenishment can usually take place only by
some type of vertical circulation which carries quanti-
ties of these salts from the rich stores in the deeper
water.

At Carnegie stations the richer plankton samples
were obtained in regions where the surface water had
characteristics of subsurface water, whereas the poor-
er samples were obtained mostly in regions where a
strong stratification of the water caused the conditions
in the surface water to be considerably different from
those in the deep water. Figure 2 shows the vertical
distribution of temperature, salinity, density, phosphate,
and pH in the upper 1000 m at station 137 in the North
Pacific where there was little circulation of any nature.
Conditions here were typical of regions in which the
plankton population was extremely scanty. It is evident
in fig\ire 2 that any vertical circulation which would re-
new the phosphate at the surface would have to extend to
more than 200 m, for there was practically no phosphate
in the water to that depth. It is equally evident from the
temperature and density curves that there was a very

pronounced thermocline and stratification of the water
above 700 m so that there would be considerable resist-
ance to any such vertical mixing.

We may now inspect conditions in two regions where
the phytoplankton was relatively abundant, namely, south
of the Aleutian Islands and off the coast of Peru. Condi-
tions at the former region are represented by station
122 in figure 3 and at the latter by station 70 shown in
figure 4. At station 122 there was an admixture of cold
water of low salinity from the Bering Sea where vertical
mixing is common. At station 70 there was an upwelling
of water from a depth of about 500 to 700 m. At these
two stations the difference in density between the sur-
face water and the deep water is relatively not so great
and the most rapid gradient is in the upper 100 m. Con-
sequently, there is less resistance to vertical mixing
and this fact is reflected in the higher concentrations of
phosphate at the surface and in the correspondingly hieh
concentration in the upper 500 m. At station 70, how-
ever, this is owing partly to the upwelling of subsurface
water. Any vertical circulation which extended to the
100-m level at these stations would carry great quanti-
ties of phosphate to the surface layer for there were high
concentrations at that depth. These observations were
made in the summer when the most stable conditions oc-
cur. In the winter there would be an even greater re-
plenishment of the nutrients in the upper levels. Al-
though phytoplankton pulses may occur in these regions,
it is probable that there is always a greater production
here than in such regions as represented by station 137.

To return to the correlations discussed above, the
richer phytoplankton samples were found in water of
lower temperature, salinity, and pH, and of higher phos-
phate content. A glance at figures 2, 3, and 4 will show
that any vertical circulation that carries phosphate-rich
water to the surface and thus increases the fertility of
the surface water will also lower the temperature and
pH of that water. Under such conditions the salinity of
the surface water may be increased or decreased. For
example, in figures 2 and 3 there is an increase in salin-
ity with depth, but in figure 4 there is a decrease. It is
also evident in figure 2 that a transport of water from
lower levels should increase the silicate content of the
surface water, and it is probable that a correlation be-
tween silicate content and abundance of phytoplankton
similar to that between phosphate content and abundance
of phytoplankton would be found if the silicate data were
as extensive as those for phosphate.

It is well known that the cold waters of high lati-
tudes support the greatest production of plankton. It is
probable that low temperature, per se, is not particu-
larly favorable for plankton growth except as it affects
the particular species which are now adapted to low
temperatures. The more abundant life of the colder
seas is probably only indirectly related to low tempera-
tures. Lower surface temperatures cause less stable
conditions and thus permit a more rapid renewal of the
fertility of the photosynthetic zone.

DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE PHYTOSYNTHETIC ZONE

A study of the dissolved oxygen in the photosynthet-
ic zone reveals an interesting situation. Of the twenty
stations (stations 130 to 149) in the northern region at
which oxygen determinations were made, all but two

showed supersaturation in the upper 100 m. Figure 5
shows the vertical distribution curve of percentage sat-
uration of oxygen at station 145 which is characteristic
of the region. Supersaturation occurred here between

THE PHYTOPLANKTON

9

20 and 80 m. Now the question arises as to the source
of this oxygen. It cannot have been brought up from low-
er levels because the adjoining water was deficient in
oxygen. It is very unlikely that a thin horizontal layer
could move in from some region rich in oxygen along
this high level where vertical mixing so often occurs.
Furthermore, the temperature and salinity data do not
permit such a conclusion. The only other possible
source of oxygen is the photosynthetic organisms inhab-
iting the upper strata of water. Of the twenty oxygen
stations, only six produced samples with more than 100
diatom and dinoflagellate cells per liter, and at only one
of these were samples collected giving over 1000 cells
per liter. Zero counts were obtained at a subsurface
level at four of these stations. It does not seem possi-
ble that such a low population of diatoms and dinoflagel-
lates could produce such an excess of oxygen. There
are two possible explanations for this condition. Either
there is present in the upper 100 m a large population of
photosynthetic organisms which pass through the ordi-
nary filter net, or else it is possible for a layer of water
to exist in the ocean at this level and maintain its super -
saturation with respect to oxygen after the phytoplankton,
which has produced the oxygen, has disappeared. The
latter explanation is hardly tenable except for regions
where the water strata are in a very stable condition.

Gran (1912) found in the Atlantic that the Coccolitho-
phoridae, which readily passed through the finest net,
far outnumbered the diatoms and dinoflagellates which
were retained in the net. It was doubted, however, if
the photosynthetic activity of such small organisms,
even in such large numbers, could surpass that of the
larger forms occurring in smaller numbers. The Car-
negfie data lead one to suspect very strongly that in some
instances the photosynthetic activity in the sea is con-
fined principally to such minute organisms. Much more
work must be done in the Pacific before such problems
as this can be satisfactorily solved.

At the fifteen oxygen stations in the tropical region
only one observation showed complete saturation. This
is in strong contrast with the northern group of stations
among which were only two that did not show saturation
at some level. Moberg and Graham (1930) have pointed
out that this "can be accounted for only by assuming
that at these stations at least part of the water had re-
cently come from depths at which oxygen content is
normally low." Unfortunately the quantitative plankton
samples for most of these stations were lost, but the
samples from six of them and from other tropical sta-
tions indicate that the plankton flora in this region is
much scantier than in the north, which condition also
contributes to the low oxygen content of the upper strata.

SUMMARY

1. There was a very sparse population of diatoms
and dinoflagellates in the open waters of the Pacific in
1928 and 1929 at 0-, 50-, and 100-m levels.

2. Although dinoflagellates never reached the large
numbers attained by the diatoms at some stations, they
outnumbered the diatoms in 25 per cent of the samples.

3. When a rich sample is defined as one with more
than 100 combined diatom and dinoflagellate cells per
liter, the richer samples occurred in waters of lower
temperature, lower salinity, higher phosphates, and
higher hydrogen-ion concentration. No definite corre-
lations were found between either dissolved oxygen or
silicate and number of plant cells. The richer areas
occurred in regions where subsurface water is brought

to the surface by vertical circulation.

4. A comparison of the Carnegie data with results
obtained by Bigelow and Leslie in Monterey Bay shows
the same correlation between the above factors and
quantity of phytoplankton.

5. Supersaturation of oxygen in the upper 100 m in
regions where the diatom and dinoflagellate populations
were very low suggested the presence of photosynthetic
organisms not captured in the ordinary filter net.

6. The Carnegie investigations have shown the ne-
cessity of making quantitative studies of the phytoplank-
ton that pass through the ordinary filter net and of se-
curing more complete vertical series over the whole
ocean.

LITERATURE CITED

Allen, W. E. 1928. Review of five years of studies on
phytoplankton at southern California piers, 1920-
1924 inclusive. Bull. Scripps Inst., Tech. Ser., vol.
1, no. 16.

and R. Lewis. 1927. Surface-catches of ma-
rine diatoms and dinoflagellates from Pacific high
seas in 1925 and 1926. Bull. Scripps Inst., Tech.
Ser., vol. 1, no. 12, pp. 197-200.

Atkins, W. R. G. 1923. The silica-content of some nat-
ural waters and of culture media. Jour. Marine
Biol. Assoc, vol. 13, pp. 151-159.

1925. Seasonal changes in the phosphate-
content of sea-water in relation to the growth of the
algal plankton during 1923 and 1924. Jour. Marine
Biol. Assoc, vol. 13, pp. 700-720.

1928. Seasonal variation in the phosphate and

silicate content of sea water during 1926 and 1927

in relation to the phytoplankton crop. Jour. Marine

Biol. Associ, vol. 15, pp. 191-205.
Bigelow, H. B., and M. Leslie. 1930. Reconnaissance

of the waters and plankton of Monterey Bay, July,

1928. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. 70, no. 5.
Gran, H. H. 1912. Pelagic plant-life in "The depths of

the ocean" by Murray and Hjort, pp. 307-386.

London.
1928. The conditions of life for plankton in

the coastal waters of northern Europe. Rapp. Pro-

ces-Verbaux. vol. 47, Conseil. Perm. Internat.

Expl. Mer. pp. 196-204.
Jacobsen, J. P. 1921. Manuel pratique de I'analyse de

I'eau de mer --II. Dosage de I'oxyg^ne dans I'eau de

mer par la methode de Winkler. Bull. Inst.

Oceanogr. Monaco, no. 390, 16 pp.
______ 1925. Die Loslichkeit vonSauerstoff im Meer-

wasser. Medd. Komm. Havundersog., Serie Hydro-

grafi, vol. 1, no. 8.
King, E. J., and C. C. Lucas. 1928. The use of picric

acid as an artificial standard in the colorimetric

estimation of silica. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, vol.

50, pp. 2395-2398.

Lewis, R. 1927. Surface-catches of marine diatoms
and dinoflagellates off the coast of Oregon by U.S.S.
Guide in 1924. Bull. Scripps Inst., Tech. Ser., vol.
1, no. 11.

Lohmann, H. 1912. Untersuchungen ueber das Pflanzen-
und Tierleben der Hochsee im Atlantischen Ozean
wahrend der Ausreise der Deutschland. SitzBer.
Gesellsch. Naturfors. Preunde, Berlin, no. 2a, pp.
23-54.

Marshall, S. M., and A. P. Orr. 1927. The relation of
the plankton to some chemical and physical factors
in the Clyde Sea area. Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc,
vol. 14, pp. 837-868.

, 1928. The photosynthesis of diatom

cultures in the sea. Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc.
United Kingdom, vol. 15, pp. 321-360.

Moberg, E. G. 1926. The hydrogen-ion concentration of
sea-water off the coast of southern California. Proc
Third Pan-Pacific Sci. Cong., Tokyo, pp. 221-229.

and H. W. Graham. 1930. The distribution of

oxygen in the Pacific as an index of the circulation
of the water. Rept. and Comm., Stockholm Assem-
bly, Internat. Geod. Geophys. Union, Sect. Oceanogr.,
pp. 95-97.

Pettersson, V. I. 1928. Apparatus for quantitative
measurements of plankton in situ. Jour. Conseil.
Internat. Expl. Mer., vol. 3, no. 13.

Poole, H. H., and W. R. G. Atkins. 1926. On the pene-
tration of light into sea water. Jour. Marine Biol.
Assoc, vol. 14, pp. 177-198.

Ruud, J. T. 1932. On the biology of southern Euphausi-
idae. HvalrSdets Skrifter. Sci. Res. Marine Biol.
Res. no. 2. Det Norske Videnskaps-akademi, pp. 1-
105.

Wenner, F, E. H. Smith, and F. M. Soule. 1930. Appa-
ratus for the determination aboard ship of the salin-
ity of sea-water by the electrical conductivity meth-
od. Bur. Stand. Jour. Res., vol. 5, pp. 711-732.

Whipple, G. C. 1927. The microscopy of drinking wa-
ter, pp. 95-98. New York.

10

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13

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

II

MARINE ALGAE

WILUAM ALBERT SETCHELL

CONTENTS

Page
Introduction 19

Atlantic Collections 19

Pacific Collections 20

Figures 1-12 23

MARINE ALGAE

INTRODUCTION

Among the numerous plankton collections made by
the Carnegie, a few contained algae of large size, making
up the macroscopic, floating population, some species of
which, particularly Sargassum natans (L.) Meyen (better
known as Sargassum baccllerum [Turn.] C. Ag.) and S.
fluitans Boerg. seem to become members of true self-
perpetuating pleuston formations. Of such collections,
some twenty-six bottles of various sizes were placed in

the hands of the author for examination and report, all
of which except one (bottle 1798) contained at least some
minute fragment of the larger marine algae. The col-
lections were gathered from the North Atlantic and the
South Pacific oceans. The three samples (nos. 309, 317,
and 318) from the neighborhood of Easter Island in the
Pacific Ocean and bottle 8169, from Apia, Samoa repre-
sent localities south of the equator.

Sargassum fluitans Boerg.

Station

Latitude

Longitude

Sample

Bottle

Depth

Date

Quantity

o 1

o /

1928

1

38 14 N

67 34 W

2

1976

70 m

May 12

1 scrap

1- 2

37 45 N

53 26 W

6

3020

Surface

May 16

1 vesicle

1- 2

37 53 N

52 46 W

9

3009

Surface

May 16

1 scrap

1- 2

37 53 N

52 46 W

11

3868

Surface

May 16

2 or 3 vesicles

34

11 18 N

78 34 W

200

4745

Surface

Oct. 9

Abundant

34

11 18 N

78 34 W

202

4773

50 m

Oct. 9

1 scrap

c

sargassum

[latans (L.) Meyen

Station

Latitude

Longitude

Sample

Bottle

Depth

Date

Quantity

° /

o /

1928

1

38 14 N

67 34 W

1

3805

Surface

May 12

2 vesicles

1- 2

37 53 N

52 46 W

9

3009

Surface

May 16

Abundant

2

39 06 N

45 41 W

15

3900

Surface

May 18

1 vesicle

2- 3

40 00N*

44 00 W*

16

3023

Surface

May 18

Scraps

13-14

42 ION

47 19 W

90

4232

Surface

Aug. 9

Abundant

14

42 ION

47 19 W

96

4257

Surface

Aug. 9

Scraps

15

38 48 N

48 48 W

100

4258

Surface

Aug. 11

1 scrap

16

36 47 N

46 31 W

106

4298

Surface

Aug. 13

Abundant

16

36 47 N

46 31 W

107

4300

50 m

Aug. 13

1 scrap

17

33 42 N

42 41 W

112

4338

50 m

Aug. 15

1 vesicle

18

29 47 N

40 36 W

117

3724

Surface

Aug. 17

1 scrap

19

24 00 N

39 36 W

122

4383

Surface

Aug. 20

1 scrap

* Approximately

ATLANTIC COLLECTIONS

The majority of the samples show, as might be ex-
pected, fragments of the two most common Sargasso
weeds of the floating types, Sargassum natans (L.) Meyen
and S. fluitans Boerg., both of which are usually desig-
nated as Sargassum bacclferum (Turn.) C. Ag. Although
scraps (at times a single vesicle) are not always cer- -
tainly to be identified as to the one or the other species,
most of these samples seem fairly clear as to distinc-
tion.

In the neighborhood of station 6, latitude 50° 22'
north and longitude 13° 31' west, off the coast of Ireland,
the dip net (sample 38, bottle 4011) brought up floating
Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis, or "bottle wrack."
North from this, on the way to station 7, off the Faroes,
the 1/2 meter net caught more of this species (sample

51, bottle 3040, June 6, 1928) on which there was abun-
dant epiphytic Scytosiphon lomentarius (Lyng.) J. Ag.
There were also 2 or 3 large fragments of Fucus vesl-
cnlosos L. and on this was considerable epiphytic
Pylaiella litoralis (L.) Kjellm. Sample 51 also showed
as epiphytes, excellently developed specimens of Entero-
morpha crinita (Roth) J. Ag., a widely spread species
closely related to, if not identical with, E. plumosa
Kuetz. On June 4 (sample 49, bottle 4074) the 1/2 meter
net caught from the surface a single bladder of Asco-
phyllum.

The Atlantic collections present nothing except what
was to be expected. The data are given for reference as
to floating conditions and possible depth relations.

17

18

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

PACIFIC COLLECTIONS

A collection was made in April 1929 on the reef at
Apia, on Upolu of the Samoan group (bottle 8169). Sev-
eral entire specimens of the bright green pom pom-like
Chlorodesmls comosa Harv. et Bail, were found in the
bottle: two fairly large specimens of the light green,
areolate Dlctyosphaeria australis Setchell; and two spec-
imens of a light red, flat, and laciniately much branched
alga with the surfaces covered with low, blunt papillae,
which seems to be referable to Meristotheca papulosa
(Mont.) J. Ag., but with more the habit of Halymenia
ceylonica Harv. Unfortunately it is sterile.

Between stations 115 and 116, latitude 38° 06' north
and longitude 146° 53' east (sample 699), the 1/2 meter
net caught a couple of small fragments of what seems to
be the Japanese brown alga, Cystophyllum hakodatense
Yendo, a very probable find.

Around Easter Island, south of the equator, three
samples containing Sargassum prove to be the most in-
teresting and novel catches of the whole plankton collec-
tions, so far as the macroscopic marine algae are con-
cerned. The samples (309, 317, and 318) represent dif-
ferent phases of attached and floating forms, and seem
also to have a definite bearing on the "Sargasso Sea"
type of situation in the Indo-Pacific Ocean area. The
specimens, which are excellent as such material goes,
are closely related to a species group to which may be
referred Sargassum stenophyllum J. Ag. (non Martius),
S. lanceolatum J. Ag. (non Greville), and S. Skottsbergil
Sjostedt.

Sample 309 of the Carnegie collections was brought
up from a depth of 15.4 fathoms by the snapper. It shows
several plants. Two of these are species of Zonarla,
probably to be referred to Z. variegata (Lam'x) Mert.
and to Z. crenata J. Ag.; the former a prostrate speci-
men, the latter represented by two upright specimens.
Unfortunately, all the Zonarla plants are both young and
sterile. There are, in addition, several specimens of
Sargassum, two of which lack only the very holdfasts
themselves of being complete. They show short (1 to 2
cm in these specimens), relatively stout, cylindrical,
erect primary axes with sparse lateral tubercles, and
with the primary branches grouped about the apex. The
primary branches are compressed (even to flat below),
and the leaves and secondary branches are arranged dis-
tichously. All branches show marginal cryptostomata.
The leaves are linear -lanceolate, sharply cuneate at the
base, and attenuate above to a sharper or a somewhat
obtuse apex. The margins are all sharply and rather
coarsely dentate, with teeth one- to two-fifths the diam-
eter of the leaf, projecting outward and sharply forward,
and broadly or narrowly triangular in outline. The costa
is stout and conspicuous below, broadening toward the
upper part to the point of vanishing somewhat below the
apex. The cryptostomata are smaller, less prominent,
and scattered, in the lower leaves, becoming larger and
more conspicuous above, arranged uniseriately on each
side of the costa, frequently in pairs along it. The
leaves are short-ly petiolate. The secondary branches
are frequent (at intervals of approximately I cm) and
short (2 to 4 cm long) as compared with the primary
branch (up to 30 cm long), whence they arise. Only one
of the plants shows receptacles. These are cymosely
branched, about 1 cm in height. The individual branch-
lets are arranged dichotomously below, but subdichoto-

mously, almost racemosely, above, are compressed cy-
lindrical, tapering above, and alternately torulose as
the individual conceptacles mature and become protu-
berant. All the conceptacles show antheridia only, thus
suggesting a dioecious species.

Sample 317 is made up of about sixteen fragments,
evidently of the same species as those of sample 309.
It was collected about two miles northeast of Easter
Island, in latitude 27° 25' south and longitude 109° 25'
west, from the surface. Axes and leaves of these tips
of plants agree with those of sample 309. Evidently
they had not been long detached, since in color, consist-
ency, etc., they seem not at all modified. The recepta-
cles, however, are varied. Both antheridial and oogoni-
al receptacles are present, but on different fragments,
the majority being antheridial. The antheridial recep-
tacles of these plants are similar in shape and branch-
ing to those of sample 309, except that some of them are
more elongated (up to 1.5 and 1.75 cm) and very slender.
The oogonial receptacles, though still of the Malaco-
carpic, or unarmed (i.e. without teeth or spines) type,
are very different from the long linear antheridial type.
They are shorter (about 5 mm high) and less divided
(only once or twice dichotomously cleft or lobed), the
divisions being narrowly ellipsoidal fusiform, with the
conceptacular openings broader and more gaping. In
the Carnegie specimens, only the apical conceptacles of
each receptacle show oogonia, but the lower concepta-
cles show swollen structures such as are found in an-
theridial conceptacles.

Sample 318 was taken from floating masses (sur-
face) about 8.5 miles southeast of Easter Island. The
masses show the peculiar yellow of the Sargassa of the
Sargasso Sea and might readily be taken for similar
masses of Sargassum natans (L.) Meyen. The short in-
dividual fragments (up to 10 cm long) seem likely to
have arisen in the floating state. The stems, leaves,
bladders, and receptacles, however, are practically
identical in the principal details of their structure with
those of samples 309 and 317. The costae (or midribs)
of the leaves, however, seem stouter, the cryptostomata
fewer and less conspicuous (at least in some of the frag-
ments) and there are encrusting bryozoans, etc., on
them similar to those occurring on the floating frag-
ments of S. natans in the Sargasso Sea of the Atlantic
Ocean.

There does not seem to exist for the Pacific or In-
dian oceans any real approximation to the Sargasso Sea
of the North Atlantic. In the extreme south Pacific a
pleuston, often very conspicuous and of large masses,
is frequently met with, especially in the vicinity of Cape
Horn and the west Patagonian coast. This has for its
chief constituent, plants of Macrocystis. In the extreme
northern Pacific Ocean, vast floating masses of Nereo-
cystis or of Alaria fistulosa may be seen, particularly
near Unimak Pass, in the Aleutian Islands. These
masses, often of several acres in extent, are made up
of stems and the huge terminal bladders of the Nereo-
cystis or of the long leaves of the Alaria with their in-
terruptedly swollen and inflated midribs. Both the
Macrocystis formations (which may be true pleustoi^
and the floating masses of Nereocystis or of Alaria (not
true pleustons) are characteristic of cold waters, but
waifs from them seemingly stray into the edges of trop-

MARINE ALGAE

19

ical waters. This is indicated by the attribution of
Macrocystis and Lessonla, and even of Durvlllaea, spe-
cies of the west South American coasts to such tropical
localities as the coasts of Tahiti.

Nevertheless, patches of floating seaweeds may be
seen at times near the various islands or archipelagoes
within the tropics (or warmer waters) and forms ap-
proaching very closely to S. natans (L.) Meyen (S. bac-
ciferum [Turn.] C. Ag.) are to be found in herbaria, des-
ignated as from Indo-Pacific areas. The exact locali-
ties are not always certain, but it may be presumed that
at times the Atlantic species may pass around the Cape
of Good Hope. Indigenous Indo-Pacific species of Sar-
gassam may be suspected as possible of adopting, as
well as adapting themselves to, a pleuston (or continued
floating and self -propagating existence), but there is lit-
tle certainty in this direction. Sample 318, taken in con-
nection with samples 309 and 317, is a plausible sugges-
tion along this line and may have a bearing on the ques-
tion as to a limited type of Sargasso Sea in the south-
eastern tropical Pacific.

The Sargass«un of samples 309, 317, and 318 raise
morphological, taxonomic, and distributional questions.
Sample 309 is composed of attached specimens, living at
a depth of 15.4 fathoms. As already stated, this species
agrees most nearly with the description of Sargassum
lanceolatum J. ^g. J. G. Agardh, however, does not indi-
cate of what sex (or sexes?) his type specimens were,
but Grunow states that the receptacles in this species
(as he understands it) are androgynous. It seems that
some dioecious species may have androgynous states
(or possibly seasonal conditions). It has not been possi-
ble to examine the type plants (from the west coast of
Australia, preserved in Herb. Mus. Paris), so the deter-
mination as to S. lanceolatum is not fully substantiated.

The only species hitherto known with certainty from
Easter Island is Sargassum Skottsbergii Sjostedt (in
Skottsberg, The Natural History of Juan Fernandez and
Easter Island, vol. II, part III, p. 311, 1924). The plants
of this species are very close to those of sample 309,
except that the leaves of the antheridial plant are entire
or only sparingly and minutely denticulate, with few (at
times no) and inconspicuous cryptostomata, whereas
those of the oOgonial plant are more conspicuously and
acutely denticulate, with the cryptostomata more numer-
ous and conspicuous. The receptacles vary somewhat in
both Sjostedt's plants, and the Carnegie samples 317 and
318 are fully as much swollen as those figured by SjO-
stedt (loc. cit., fig. 3), and thoroughly merit his descrip-
tion of "breviora, latiora, conica." Plants appearing to
be identical with those of S. Skottsbergii occur common-
ly on the shores of Tongatabu in the Tonga Archipelago.
Both, however, seem to correspond in detail to the de-
scription of S. stenophyllum J. Ag., from the western
shores of Australia (type specimen in Herb. Mus. Paris,
not seen). Grunow says that the receptacles of the type
specimen of S. stenophyUum are androgynous, whereas
all the Tongatabu and Easter Island specimens examined
seem varyingly androgynous or polygamous (i.e. recep-
tacles with exclusively male and female conceptacles,
receptacles with^largely male or female conceptacles,
and finally receptacles with conceptacles in which male
and female are mixed). Therefore the three species
represented by the binomials S. stenophyllum J. Ag., S.
lanceolatum J. Ag., and S. Skottsbergii Sjost., seem very
near to one another, sufficiently so to form a narrow spe-
cies group, or even possibly a species cycle. Assuming

that S. stenophyllum J. Ag. (1848) may be the same as S.
Skottsbergii SjOstedt, the latter name has the preference
since S. stenophyllum Martins (now S. cymosum C. Ag.)
dates from much earlier (at least as early as 1827) than
S. stenophyllum J. Ag. (1848). If all are considered to be
only members of one form cycle about S. lanceolatum
J. Ag. (1848), this name will apply, the S. lanceolatum
Greville (1849) being different (now S. coriiiollum J. Ag.)
from S. lanceolatum J. Ag. (1848), and of sufficiently
probable later date of publication as to be rejected (not
being an earlier homonym).

A number of photographs are reproduced in connec-
tion with the collection of samples 309, 317, and 318, in
order to make more clear and more certain than may be
accomplished by words, the variation of the receptacles
in size, shape, and the coordination with sex segregation.

Figure 1 shows two plants of diverse age and devel-
opment of sample 309, from fourteen fathoms depth off
Easter Island. The younger plant (above) shows the
short main axis (characteristic of this species group)
giving off several lateral axes. The older plant is only
the upper part of a lateral axis, with branches, leaves,
and well-developed receptacles which are antheridial.
Figure 2 shows the receptacular branchlet enlarged 6
diameters. The coarse, compact, cymose receptacle is
somewhat flattened and sufficiently condensed to be den-
tate on the margins (because of suppressed branchlets).
Because of this, the Agardhian arrangement would re-
move this plant far from those of the other numbers (in-
to the "Series" Acanthicarpicae, "Tribe" Biserrulae
of J. G. Agardh). This seems unsuitable from other re-
semblances of habit and structure between this and the
other numbers of the Carnegie collections and also from
plants collected in the Tonga Islands.

Figure 3 shows a sheet of fragments of collection
sample 317, collected floating about two miles northeast
of Easter Island, but it seemed to be fairly recently torn
away. The two lower fragments have elongated, slender
antheridial receptacles (see figure 4,o*), whereas those
of the upper row have shorter, more robust receptacles
(see figure 4,?), antheridial below, oogonial toward the
apex. Figure 5 shows receptacles from the fragments
shown 6 diameters. The details of the long, slender an-
theridial receptacles and the short, robust receptacles
with antheridial conceptacles below and oogonial recep-
tacles above are shown. The receptacles of sample 317
are from fragments, are neither definitely flattened nor
toothed, and consequently are not ancipate. They differ
in these respects from those of sample 309. Sample 309
would be placed under "Series" Malacocarpicae, "Tribe"
Cymosae of J. G. Agardh.

Figure 6 shows receptacular branchlets from two
fragments of still other plants of sample 317, both oOgo-
nial toward the apex, but antheridial below. The dispro-
portion between the length -breadth indices of the two sets
of receptacles is marked.

Figure 7 shows four samples from the mass of float-
ing fragments of the light yellowish color characteristic
of the floating fragments from the Atlantic Sargasso Sea,
under sample 318. The mass of sample 318 was floating
about eight miles southeast of Easter Island.

Figure 8 shows characteristic sterile fragments
from this collection, whereas figures 9 and 10, enlarged
2 diameters, show characteristic fruiting fragments, Iwth
with androgynous receptacles. In figure 9 these are
shorter and more robust (as seen enlarged 6 diameters
in figure 11). In figure 10 they are longer and more

20

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

slender than some (enlarged 6 diameters in figure 12).
The dark oogonia may readily be seen in the upper parts,
and even fairly evenly distributed in the receptacles, of
figure 11, whereas none are seen in figure 12. There is,
however, one oogonium in an antheridial conceptacle of
the receptacles represented on figure 12. In the type
collection of Sargassum Skottsbergii Sjost. from Easter
Island, described as dioecious, the author has seen an
occasional oogonium in an antheridial receptacle and an
occasional antheridial conceptacle in receptacles other-
wise exclusively oOgonial.

It seems, therefore, that in this naturally smaller
assemblage of species passing under the names of S.
stenophylliun J. Ag., S. lanceolatum J. Ag., and S. Skotts-
bergii Sjost., the sexes may vary from partially even to
completely segregated, but the receptacles are more
properly polygamous, some plants having receptacles
exclusively (or almost exclusively) of one sex or the
other whereas other plants may have the sexes in sepa-
rate conceptacles but both kinds of conceptacles in the
same receptacle. According to the type of dominance
the receptacles vary, elongated and slender for recep-

tacles purely (or approximately pure) antheridial but
shorter and more robust according to the admixture of,
or purity of, oogonial conceptacles. In plants of this
group from the Tonga Islands, seemingly otherwise of
the same species cycle, there has been seen, chiefly,
specimens in which oogonia and antheridia are found in
the same receptacle, at least in the middle parts of the
moderately long and moderately robust receptacles.
To the same smaller group as the one being dis-
cussed belongs also another cycle of species, viz., S.
Grevlllei J. Ag., S. oligocystum Mont., and S.oligocy-
stoides Grun. These species have broader leaves than
those of the Easter Island group. Their receptacles are
polygamous as are those of the Easter Island group, and
with similar variation in length-breadth index, compres-
sion, and absence or presence of denticulate or spinose
margins. Material of these species was found in some
collections made by the personnel of Charles Templeton
Crocker's Yacht Zaca, in southeastern Melanesia, dur-
ing June and July 1933. They are being repoi^ted on else-
where and tend to round out the general situation found
in the species of Easter and Tonga islands.

FIGURES 1 - 12

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27

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

m

POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS
AARON L. TREADWELL

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction 31

Systematic Discussion 31

Amphinomidae 31

Eurythoe Kinberg 31

Eurythoe complanata Pallas 31

Polynoidae 31

Polynoella Mcintosh 31

Polynoella brunnea n. sp 31

Phyllodocidae 32

Haliplanella Reibisch 32

Haliplanella pacifica n. sp 32

Lopadorhynchus Grube 32

Lopadorhynchus varius n. sp 32

Lopadorhynchus nans Chamber lin 33

Pelagobia Greef 33

Pelagobia viguieri Gravier 33

lospilidae 33

Phalacrophorus Greef 33

Phalacrophorus niger n. sp 33

Phalacrophorus maculatus n. sp 34

Phalacrophorus attenuatus n. sp 34

Alciopidae 34

Alciopa Aud. et Milne-Ed 35

Alciopa distorta n. sp 35

Torea Quatrefages 35

Torea pelagica Chamberlin 35

Torea fasciata n. sp 35

Vanadis Claperede 36

Vanadis formosa Claperede 36

Vanadis fusca punctata Treadwell 36

Vanadis uncinata n. sp 36

Mauita Chamberlin 36

Rhynchonerella A. Costa 36

Rhynchonerella pycnocer a Chamberlin ... 36

Corynocephalus Levinsen 37

Corynocephalus paumotanus Chamberlin . . 37

Corynocephalus magnachaetus n. sp 37

Plotohelmis Chamberlin 37

Plotohelmis alata Chamberlin 37

Page

Systematic Discussion--Concluded 38

Alciopidae--Concluded 38

Callizonella Apstein 38

Callizonella pigmenta n. sp 38

Typhloscolecidae 38

Typhloscolex Busch 38

Typhloscolex mulleri Busch 38

Plotobia Chamberlin 38

Plotobia simplex Chamberlin 38

Plotobia paucichaeta n. sp 38

Travisopsis Levinsen .' . 39

Tomopteridae 39

Tomopteris Escholtz 39

Tomopteris eura Chamberlin 39

Tomopteris septentrionalis Quatrefages . . 39

Tomopteris sp 39

Syllidae 40

Autolytus Grube 40

Autolytus pacificus n. sp 40

Epitoka n. genus 40

Epitoka pelagica n. sp 40

Nereidae 41

Nereis Linnaeus 41

Nereis singularis n. sp 41

Larvae and Generically Indeterminable Material . . 41

Heteronereids 41

Spionids 41

Larva A 41

Larva B 41

Spionid Larva 42

Larva C 42

Larva D 42

Terebellids 42

"Chaetosphaera" 42

Literature Cited 43

Table 2 44

Plates 1 -III 53

Maps 1-4 56

POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS

INTRODUCTION

The following is a report on the polychaetous anne-
lids collected by the Carnegie on cruise VII in 1928-1929,
and submitted to the writer for study through the courtesy
of Dr. J. A. Fleming, Director of the Department of Ter-
restrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington. As indicated on the accompanying map (p. iv)
and on the list giving the geographical positions of the
collecting statipns (pp. 44-51), the cruise covered ex-
tensive areas in the North Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
With only a few exceptions three hauls were made at
each station at depths of (surface), 50 m, and 100 m.
With the description of each species the author has giv-
en the depth or depths at which it was collected, arrang-
ing these data in tabular form for convenience of refer-
ence in the case of the more abundant species. The lo-
cation of each station is designated on maps 1 to 4 (pp.
56-59) by black circles. The station numbers are indi-
cated by vertical figures for every fifth station in mul-
tiples of five, except where clarity requires numbering
at more frequent intervals. The slant figures designate
the species according to the legends on the maps.

In view of the imperfect knowledge of the annelid
fauna of the oceans, it is to be specially noted that of the
twenty-eight species (not larvae or fragments) dealt with
or collected, fifteen are new, and two of the remaining
thirteen are not forms of the open ocean, as in the case
of Eurythoe complanata Pallas collected on Luminao
Reef, Guam, Mariana Islands.

These fifteen new species belonging to seven fami-
lies are shown in table 1.

Table 1. Fifteen new species of polychaetous annelids
collected by the Carnegie 1928-1929

Family

Polynoidae
Phyllodocidae

lospilidae
Alciopidae

Typhloscolecidae
Syllidae

Nereidae

Species

Polynoella brunnea

Haliplanella pacifica
Lopadorhynchus varius

Phalacrophorus niger
Phalacrophorus maculatus
Phalacrophorus attenuatus

Alciopa distorta
Torea fasciata
Vanadis uncinata
Corynocephalus magnachaetus
Callizonella pigmenta

Plotobia paucichaeta

Autolytus pacificus
Epitoica pelagica

Nereis singularis

The types and a representative set of specimens
have been deposited in the United States National Muse-
um.

SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION

FAMILY AMPfflNONHDAE

Genus EURYTHOE Kinberg
Eurythoe complanata Pallas

Aphrodita complanata Pallas, 1776, p. 109, pi. 8, fig.

1926.
Eurythoe pacifica Kinberg, 1857, p. 14.

A single specimen recorded as collected on Luminao
Reef, Guam.

Two bottles contained immature amphinomids, both
having been collected on the surface at station 40. In
one bottle was a single specimen having a rounded pro-
stomium and two eyes with no trace of tentacle or car-
uncle. The dorsal setae are heavy and serrate; the ven-
tral ones slender and smooth. The gills are pinnate.

The other bottle contained several specimens, each
having rounded prostomium and a caruncle in the form
of a triangle, the base of the triangle being anterior.
There are four eyes. It seems probable that these are
Eurythoe, although instead of the heavy teeth figured
(e.g.) by Mcintosh for Eurythoe (1885, pi. 3A, fig. 7) they
have toothed setae carrying two rows of heavy spikes.

FAMILY POLYNOIDAE

Fragments of a specimen, evidently a species of
Halosydna, were taken on a reef in Apia, Samoa, and an-

other in 100 m at station 40. The latter are translucent-
white and have very long tentacles and dorsal cirri. The
only elytra present are those of the first pair which cover
the head. Other larval polynoids were recorded from
Easter Island.

Genus POLYNOELLA Mcintosh
(Plate I, figures 1-3)

Polynoella brunnea n. sp.

The body is 10 mm long and, for the first five so-
mites, 2 mm wide. Behind somite 5 the body tapers to
a narrow pygidium. The prostomium (pi. I, fig. 1) is
composed of two oval lobes placed at such an angle with
one another that their anterior ends are farther apart
than their posterior ends, and they are separated by a
deep constriction. The median cirrophore fits into the
anterior angle between the prostomial lobes, its poste-
rior end being quite narrow. From here it widens to
about one-third its length from the anterior end, and then
narrows again. Its style is very long and tapers gradual-
ly to a sharp point. The cirrophores of the lateral tenta-
cles are more nearly uniform in diameter but are nar-
rower than the median. Their styles are similar inform
to the median but are smaller. The tentacular cirri are
similar in form to the lateral styles as are the palps,
though much larger.

There are ten pairs of elytrophores but unless a

31

32

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

transparent, much wrinkled bit of tissue attached to the
head is the first elytron, none of these are present. The
anterior eyes are somewhat larger than the posterior
and placed farther apart. All eyes are brown in color.

A parapodium from the middle of the body (pi. I, fig.
2) is long and slender and has two nearly equal lobes at
the apex, the setae protruding to the surface from be-
tween the lobes. There is one very stout acicula which
does not quite reach the surface. The dorsal cirrus is
long, extending beyond the apex of the parapodium. The
ventral one is much smaller. Just ventral to the dorsal
cirrophore is a very small lobe representing the noto-
podium, which contains one small acicula but no setae.
The notopodial setae are of two kinds. Those of the dor-
sal part of the tuft are long, slender, and numerous in
the bundle; the ventrally placed ones are much heavier
and less numerous. The latter have straight shafts
which expand near the ends and then narrow abruptly
(pi. I, fig. 3). There is a heavy terminal and a smaller
subterminal tooth. On one side, near the expanded part,
is a row of very small teeth.

One specimen has a protruded pharynx which carries
nine marginal lobes on each of the dorsal and ventral
lips, and paired teeth on the ventral lip.

The type is no. 20078 in the United States National
Museum, and was collected in 50 m at station 41. Others
were taken in 50 m at station 39 and in 100 m at station
94. See map 1 (p. 56).

FAMILY PHYLLODOCIDAE

Genus HALIPLANELLA Reibisch

Reibisch states that the chief difference between Hal -
iplanella and Haliplanes (1895, pp. 24-25), is that in the
latter there are four tentacles, whereas in the former
there are two, and thinks that because the second pair
is sometimes pressed against the lower surface of the
prostomium and hence not easily seen, there may have
been confusion of these genera in the literature. In the
specimens in the Carnegie collection there certainly are
no second tentacles and the author has assigned them to
Haliplanella. This has one pair of tentacles and no eyes
on the prostomium. On the first somite are dorsal and
ventral cirri and a tuft of stout, simple setae. The sec-
ond somite carries on either side a single long tentacu-
lar cirrus.

Haliplanella pacifica n. sp.

(Plate I, figures 4-6)

The type is 1.4 mm long and 1.1 mm wide, with a
prostomial width of 0.4 mm. The general form of the
prostomium is that of a rounded sugar loaf divided into
anterior and posterior parts by lateral indentations on
the sides just anterior to the point of insertion of the
tentacles (pi. I, fig. 4). The anterior of these divisions
is nearly twice as wide as long, and its anterior margin
shows a faint division into three lobes. The tentacles are
longer than the width of the anterior part of the prosto-
mium and are attached on its ventral surface. Near this
point of attachment the prostomium abruptly widens. The
first somite is short with slender dorsal and ventral cir-
ri, the latter reaching to the fourth somite. The second
is nearly twice as long as the first and carries very long
dorsal cirri. The ventral cirri of this somite consist of

a short conical style carried on a relatively prominent
cirrophore. In the type the following twelve somites
have heavy dorsal cirri bluntly rounded at the ends but
the last four pairs of these are not quite as heavy as
the others. The ventral cirri of these somites are sim-
ilar in outline to the dorsal but very much smaller. On
either side of the anal somite is a bluntly rounded lobe.

The setae of the first somite make up a small bun-
dle of only four or five. Some of these taper smoothly
to an acutely curved point, others have a constriction
near the end which is more noticeable in some than in
others (pi. I, fig. 5). In all later somites the setae are
compound and built on the plan of the one shown in
plate I, figure 6. The basal joint is long and slightly
curved, expands a little at the end and on one side of
this expansion carries a small spine. There are two
terminal joints, one rather short and stout inserted
next to the spine, and the other much longer and more
slender. In somites 2, 3, and 4 these setae are few in
number and are all rather stout though one is heavier
than the others. Beginning with somite 5 the setal ar-
rangement is such that there is a tuft of long slender
compound setae having the structure described, and
one of the same structure but much heavier. This in-
crease in the size of the large setae is more noticeable
in posterior somites. The setal lobe of the parapodium
is sharp-pointed and shorter than either dorsal or ven-
tral cirri. A single acicula comes to the surface at its
apex.

The type is no. 20079 in the United States National
Museum and was collected in 100 m at station 23. Others
were taken in 50 m at stations 24, 46, and 99. See map
1 (p. 56).

Genus LOPADORHYNCHUS Grube
Lopadorhynchus varius n. sp.

(Plate I, figures 7-10)

The type is 3 mm long and 1 ram wide, counting the
parapodial length. The prostomium (pi. I, fig. 7) is
bluntly rounded along its anterior margin, which is con-
tinued laterally into the dorsal tentacles. The ventral
tentacles are attached ventrally to, and are much small-
er than the dorsal. There are no eyes. Two pairs of
large tentacular cirri are attached to the proper somites,
and are long enough to extend beyond the first parapodi-
um. The author was unable to find any trace of ventral
cirri corresponding to these. There is a rounded lobe
looking like a cirrophore which may represent these
cirri, but no trace of styles.

There are sixteen parapodia, of which the first two
are shorter and stouter than the succeeding ones and
protrude nearly at right angles from the body; later
ones become more and more folded against the sides of
the body. The first two parapodia carry the heavy hooks,
sharp-pointed setae, whose curved shafts occupy a con-
siderable part of the parapodium and whose apices ex-
tend beyond its margin (pi. I, fig. 8). In the specimen
figured there were six of these. There is a short, ovate
dorsal cirrus. Later parapodia are similar to these in
general outlines but are more slender. The outer pos-
terior surface is flattened, and forms a broad, slightly
curved plate from which arises a tuft of twenty-five to
thirty natatory setae. In some of the more anterior
parapodia there are a few simple setae but they do not
appear in posterior ones. In general these resemble

POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS

33

those of the first two parapodia but are broader and pro-
trude farther from the surface. The natatory setae look
much like those of some compound setae of the nereids
(pi. I, fig. 9). The terminal joint is flattened and sharp-
pointed, and carries on one margin a row of sharp teeth
set well apart.

The pygidium (pi. I, fig. 10) is bluntly rounded and
carries two pairs of blunt cirri.

The type is no. 20080 in the United States National
Museum and was collected in 100 m at station 149.
Others were taken as indicated below.

Sta-
tion

50m

100 m

1000 m

Sta-
tion

50m

100 m

1000 m

22
52
56
64
96

99
100
136
137
149

(See map 1, p. 56)

Lopadorhynchus nans Chamberlin

Lopadorhynchus nans Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 116-119,
pi. 17, figs. 1-5.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

20
28
29
35
39
45
47
50
63-64
82
90

X

98

X

99

X

101

X

108

X

112

X

146

X

149

X

150
151

X

..

153

X

(See map 1, p. 56)

Genus PELAGOBIA Greef

Pelagobia viguieri Gravier

Pelagobia viguieri Gravier, 1911, p. 62.
Pelagobia viguieri Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 122-125.

These the author has identified from Chamberlin's
description. As indicated in the following list of sta-
tions, the species is widely distributed in both the Atlan-
tic and Pacific areas.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

14

X

80

X

19

X

82

X

20

X

86

, ,

X

21

X

87

X

23

X

88

X

24

X

89

X

25

X

X

89-90

X

28

X

90

X

32

X

92

X

35

X

X

Samoa

X

,.

35-36

94

X

X

36

X

96

X

X

X

37

X

97

..

X

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100m

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
49
52
55
56
58
61-62
64-65
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X

X
X
X
X

98
99
100
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
117
120
128
137
139
147
149
151
152
153
154
156
157

X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X

X

(See map 1, p. 56)

FAMILY lOSPILIDAE

Genus PHALACROPHORUS Greef

Phalacrophorus niger n. sp.

(Plate I, figure 15)

In the type the body length is 4 mm and there are
twenty-five somites but it is not probable that the body
is entire, some of the posterior region having been lost.
The most noticeable feature is the surface pigmentation,
which, over the first two somites and prostomium, is in
irregular blotches but in later somites appears as large,
many-branched chromatophores (plate I, fig. 15). In one
specimen, in the anterior somites, there is one large
chromatophore on either side, dorsal to the parapodial
base, with irregular pigment patches on the dorsal sur-
face between them; in the sixth and seventh somites
there are two large patches on either side; in the eighth
there is a median one near the anterior somite border;
and in the ninth there are two of this latter type of patch-
es. In later somites there is a restriction of the large
chromatophores to one on either side, with a number of
smaller ones scattered between them on the dorsal sur-
face. Throughout the greater part of the body there is a
single chromatophore on the anterior face of each para-
podium and typically there is a transverse row of three
on the ventral face of each somite.

The prostomium (pi. I, fig. 15) is rounded and car-
ries two lateral outgrowths which are probably to be re-
garded as palps. There are two round, brown eyes set
well apart on the prostomial surface. In the specimen
figured they are sunk under the surface and are some-
what obscured by surface pigment. Between, and a little
in front of them is a pigment spot which has a superfi-

34

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

cial resemblance to an eye. On either side somites 1
and 2 carry a single tentacular cirrus. These are much
larger than the corresponding cirri in P. macixlatus (see
below) andthe second is much larger than the first, being
fully as long, though not so thick, as the parapodium of
the fifth somite. They are located much nearer the ven-
tral body surface than are the first. Setae appear in the
second somite but not in the first. The parapodia of so-
mites 3 and 4 consist each of a dorsal and a ventral
rounded lobe which are scarcely longer than thick, the
dorsal one being located a little posterior to the ventral.
A tuft of long slender setae lies in the setal part. The
parapodium of somite 5 has a dorsal lobe which is shaped
like that of somite 4 but is larger, whereas the ventral
cirrus in form is much like that shown in plate I, figure
12 of P. maculatus. The dorsal cirrus is heavier and
more bluntly rounded than in P. maculatus. Later para-
podia differ from this mainly in the greater size and
larger number of setae which spread out fan wise. The
setae are slender and compound, essentially similar to
those of P. maculatus (pi. I, fig. 13).

The type is no. 20081 in the United States National
Museum and was collected at station 5 in 50 m. Others
were taken at stations 3 and 57 in 50 m, at station 59 in
100 m, and at the surface at stations 60, 61, 72, 73, and
97. See map 2 (p. 57).

Phalacrophorus maculatus n. sp.

(Plate 1, figures 11-13)

The type specimen has about thirty somites, the pre-
cise number being in doubt because of the crowded con-
dition of the extreme posterior end. The length is 3.5
mm. The prostomium (pi. I, fig. 11) is rounded on its
anterior margin, its width being a trifle more than its
length. In common with the somites immediately follow-
ing, it has numerous small pigment spots on the dorsal
surface and a row of larger spots along the anterior
margin. There are two eyes set well toward the margin.
Somites 1 and 2 have each a pair of tentacular cirri that
are considerably larger on 2. A few slender compound
setae arise near the base of the second tentacular cir-
rus, but none are on the first. Somites 3 and 4 carry
setae tufts which arise practically from the somite sur-
face, the parapodial elevation being very small. There
is a short ventral cirrus. Beginning with somite 5 the
parapodia become prominent and later ones increase in
size toward the middle of the body. The parapodia are
all thick in proportion to their length, and there is little
decrease in size posteriorly. The chief difference be-
tween the two regions is that whereas anterior parapo-
dia project at right angles to the surface, posterior ones
are pressed against it. The setal lobes are conical in
outline (pi. I, fig. 12) and carry a slender, colorless,
sharp acicula which protrudes from the apex. The dor-
sal cirrus is rounded and much shorter than the setal
part.

The setae are all very long, slender, and compound
(pi. I, fig. 13).

Dorsally the body carries many small dark brown
pigment spots which, except for the anterior somites,
have a tendency to lie along the margins, and on the
parapodial surface leave the median region clear. Ven-
trally these are more uniformly distributed and in addi-
tion there are larger brown spots lying one at the base
of each parapodium. In some the parapodial region is

very dark-colored, whereas the remainder of the body
is much lighter.

The type is no. 20082 in the United States National
Museum and was taken on the surface at station 39.
Others were collected as indicated below.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

24

X

Samoa

X

32

..

X

90

X

..

36

X

..

92

X

..

39

X

..

96

X

..

50

X

97

X

X

X

55

, ,

X

99

X

..

56

..

X

100

X

X

58

, ,

X

, ,

103

X

60

..

X

104

._

X

61-62

X

..

107

X

..

62

, ,

X

109

X

63

..

..

110

X

X

66

..

X

111

X

68

X

X

112

X

70

X

.,

113

73

..

X

X

114

X

74

X

X

X

115

X

75

..

X

X

116

X

76

X

..

128

X

80

X

129

X*

..

85-86

X

..

131-132

X

..

88

, ,

X

143

..

X

89

..

X

156

X

89-90

X

• •

♦This sample was taken at 10m. (See map 2, p. 57).

Phalacrophorus attenuatus n. sp.
(Plate I, figure 14)

This species is represented in the collection by a
number of specimens, none of which is entire or well
preserved. The largest piece is 15 mm long and con-
tains forty somites. The greatest width is about 0.25
mm. The prostomium (pi. I, fig. 14) is rounded on its
anterior margin much as is P. maculatus; there are two
brown eyes and brown spots along the anterior margin.
The tentacular cirri on somites 1 and 2 resemble those
of P. maculatus, the second one being the larger. There
is a setal lobe on the second somite. The third, fourth,
and fifth parapodia are about equal in length to the setal
part of the second. On the sixth there is the beginning
of a dorsal cirrus, and behind this there is an increase
in parapodial size so that by the fifteenth they are about
equal in length to the body diameter. The setae are sim-
ilar to those of P. maculatus. A pair of heavy jaws is
visible through the body wall (pi. I, fig. 14).

The type is no. 20083 in the United States National
Museum and was collected in 50 m at station 100.
Others were taken on the surface at stations 76 and 112
in 50 m, and at station 75 in 100 m. See map 2 (p. 57).

A fragment of Phalacrophorus of indeterminable
species was collected at stations 95 and 96.

FAMILY ALCIOPIDAE

Members of this family are very abundant in the
collections but, unfortunately, very few specimens are
entire so that identification has necessarily depended
largely on the character of the anterior ends. In the key

POLYCHAETOUS ANNEUDS

35

as given by Chamberlin (1919, p. 130) the presence or
absence of a terminal cirriform appendage on the end of
the parapodium is taken as an important diagnostic
character. In the Carnegie material it was not easy to
determine in all cases whether this cirrus (or these cir-
ri, for in some genera there are two) is present and
some errors in identification may have arisen. The
author has separated Corynocephalus from Rhynchoner-
ella mainly on the character of the setae, the head being
often too distorted for any accurate description. Cory-
nocephalus has a large percentage of spikes in the ante-
rior parapodia, whereas Rhynchonerella has very few.
Corynocephalus has only simple setae, whereas Rhyn-
chonerella has compound. In these latter the terminal
joint is very small and in slender setae it often looks as
if it were merely a bent terminal part.

Genus ALCIOPA Audouin et Milne-Edwards

Alciopa distorta n. sp.
(Plate I, figures 16, 17; plate H, figure 18)

The body is 38 mm long and 3 mm wide at the wid-
est part, tapering from there to a width of less than 1
mm at the anterior end and to a much less width at the
pygidium. The anterior body region as far back as the
fifth somite is rather rigid, apparently owing to the
heavy pharynx, but behind this point it is much distended
and thin walled. Although the body wall is translucent,
no internal organs can be seen through it, and its whole
appearance is that of an empty shell.

The eyes are large and their lenses are directed
downward. Between them on the dorsal surface is a
wide and rather deep depression in which lies the short
stumpy median tentacle, attached at about the level of
the mid-diameter of the eyes. The anterior prostomial
margin is rounded but has a median notch. In front of
this lie the frontal tentacles, which are ovate in outline
and larger than the median. The base of the first ten-
tacular cirrus forms a sort of cup which partly encloses
the eye, its terminal part extending to the outer eye
margin (pi. I, fig. 16). The second somite has on either
side a pair of very small cirri, which, owing to distor-
tion of the specimen, show only on one side in the figure.
The third somite has a large, ovoid ventral cirrus and a
more slender dorsal one; the fourth has cirri similar to
these but much heavier; on the fifth the ventral cirrus is
small and the dorsal one very large; the sixth has more
of the form of those in succeeding somites and is the
first one which has setae. Beginning with the seventh,
each somite has a very prominent dark-brown pigment
spot on the dorsal surface near the parapodial base.

As noted above, the pharynx, when retracted, gives
the anterior region of the body a rigid appearance and it
is wider here than elsewhere. The appearance of the
protruded pharynx is shown in plate I, figure 17. Its
margin is recurved, which may possibly indicate mere-
ly an incomplete protrusion and the lateral lobes are
short and conical. The parapodia (pi. 11, fig. 18) are
relatively small, their vertical diameters being much
less than that of the body, and the cirri are also small.
The dorsal cirrus is attached to the parapodial margin
for its entire length but the ventral one is free except
for its point of attachment.

The type is no. 20084 in the United States National

Museum and was collected at station 137 in 50 m.
Others were collected between stations 1 and 2 in 100 m
and at station 84 in 50 m. See map 2 (p. 57).

Genus TOREA Quatrefages
Torea pelagica Chamberlin

Torea pelaglca Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 131-133, pi. 24,

figs. 4-9.

Collected in 50 m at station 88 and in 100 m at sta-
tion 102. See map 2 (p. 57).

Torea fasciata n. sp.
(Plate II, figures 19, 20)

A slender species marked by prominent dark-brown
bands throughout the entire body length, the ground col-
or of the body being light yellowish-brown. The bands
vary in size, sometimes involving only one somite and
in other cases covering as many as three. They may be
separated by as few as three or as many as eight so-
mites, and they generally extend entirely around the
body. The dark-brown segmental glands found in many
genera of this family did not appear in either of the two
specimens at the author's disposal.

Neither of the two individuals is entire and both are
badly macerated about the anterior body region. The
type retains 110 of the anterior somites and is 42 mm
long. The width at the eyes is 2 mm, which is nearly
twice that of the first somites. In the type there is a
gradual narrowing of the body to the region of the tenth
somite and behind this an increase to the fifteenth,
where it is about 1.5 mm wide. This width is retained
to the end of the fragment.

Because of imperfect preservation, a complete de-
scription of the prostomial appendages and first pairs of
parapodia is impossible. On the dorsal surface no ten-
tacle is visible. Ventrally (pi. II, fig. 19), one anterior
tentacle remains. The eyes are very large, are nearly
in contact on the ventral surface, and their lenses point
ventrolaterally. There are three pairs of tentacular
cirri, those of the first somite are the largest and ex-
tend to the outer border of the eye. The second pair is
smaller and about equal in size to the third. In the
specimen figured the first was broken on the right side
(left in figure), and the ventral one of the second pair on
the left was also injured. The first three parapodia are
very short and have no setae; the fourth is longer and
has a single seta; the fifth is still longer and has more
setae. Throughout the greater part of the body the para-
podia are longer than the body diameter. Each has a
setal part which is conical in outline and carries a sin-
gle large acicula (pi. II, fig. 20) and a tuft of very slen-
der, long, compound setae. The dorsal and ventral cir-
ri are flattened, the former a trifle more separated
from the setal part than is the latter but both are small
in comparison with the setal lobe. Setae are very slen-
der and long, and only in a few cases were the terminal
joints retained. This joint is small as compared with
the basal one.

The type is no. 20085 in the United States National
Museum and was collected in 50 m at station 133. Others
were collected at stations 79 and 132 in 50 m and at sta-
tion 23 in 100 m. See map 2 (p. 57).

36

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF L^^ST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

Genus VANADIS Claperede

Vanadis formosa Claperede

Vanadis formosa Claperede, 1869, pp. 480-482, pi. 10,

fig. 3.
Vanadis formosa Chamber lin, 1919, pp. 134-135.

Chamberlin gives a long list of localities from which
this species was taken on the expeditions of the Albatross,
and concludes that it is identical with V. fusca punctata
Treadwell (see below). The two species are quite unlike,
however, V. formosa being much larger and stouter in
every way. In V. formosa the body has a very thin wall
whereas in V. fusca punctata this is relatively heavy.

Stations and depths of collection are as follows:

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

17

X

, J

105

,.

X

18

X

134

..

X

30

..

X

137

, ,

X

54

X

143

X

(See

map 3, p.

58).

Vanadis fusca punctata Treadwell

Vanadis fusca punctata Treadwell, 1906, pp. 1159-1160,

figs. 29-31.
Vanadis minuta Treadwell, 1906, pp. 1158-1159, figs. 25-

28.

In the above mentioned paper the author has listed
these as distinct species. Having had access in the Car-
negie material to a much larger number of individuals,
he has discovered that they really are the same species.

Stations and depth of collections were as follows:

Sta-
tion

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

16

X

X

90

X

17

X

..

91

,,

X

,,

18

X

92

, ,

X

19

X

94

X

..

20

..

X

X

95

.,

X

X

23

..

X

96

X

32

..

X

97

X

34

X

98

,,

X

35-36

X

..

..

99

X

37

X

..

101

X

. ,

44

..

X

102

, ,

X

,.

47

..

X

104

X

48

.,

..

X

105

..

X

X

49

X

X

106

X

50

X

X

109

X

X

50-51

X

..

..

112

, ,

X

51

X

131-132

X

, ,

, ,

52

..

X

X

132

, ,

X

X

53

X

X

133

..

..

X

54

..

X

X

134

, ,

X

55

X

X

135

..

X

56

X

..

X

137

, ,

, .

X

57

X

..

138

, ,

X

, ,

63

X

..

139

, ,

X

,,

63-64

X

..

142

, ,

X

..

64

..

..

X

143

,,

X

X

64-65

X

..

145

, ,

, .

X

82

X

147

, ,

X

83

..

X

149

X

84

X

150

.,

X

X

85

..

X

..

151

..

X

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

87
88
89

157
158
160

(See map 3, p. 58).

Vanadis uncinata n. sp.
(Plate II, figures 23, 24)

Three pieces apparently together compose an entire
individual. The anterior fragment contains about forty-
five somites and is 20 mm long, the second has twenty -
three somites and is 15 mm long, whereas the third,
which is 12 mm long, has about twenty somites and a
narrow terminal part. Apstein (1900, p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 1)
describes and figures a similar, much more slender
prolongation on V. formosa, which he says does not al-
ways appear. In V. uncinata this shows faint traces of
metamerism and the anal opening is at its posterior end.
It is evidently a regenerating pygidium.

The eyes (pi. 11, fig. 23) are not particularly promi-
nent, the total width across the two being 1.5 mm. In
this specimen, in which the proboscis is protruded, and
hence it is possible that there has been more or less
distortion, the eyes are widely separated and the pro-
stomial surface between them depressed. The tentacles
are conical in form, the median one situated at about the
level of the middle of the eye. The proboscis is relative-
ly short and stout, its two terminal branches ending in
sharply recurved pointed hooks. Dorsally, the membrane
uniting the bases of these hooks carries about nine mar-
ginal lobes, the ventral one never having more than five.

There are three pairs of tentacular cirri of which
the first is the largest. The peristomial width is about
equal to the distance between the eyes and the following
somites, as far as the seventh, are successively nar-
rower. This width increases in later somites until by
the fifteenth the diameter is twice that of the seventh.
The anterior parapodia are hardly as long as the first
tentacular cirrus and their cirri are small. Beginning
in the region of the eighth to the tenth they increase in
size as the body widens, but never become large as com-
pared with the body width. In a fully developed parapo-
dium (pi. II, fig. 24) the setal lobe is sharp-pointed and
has a single acicula whose tip projects beyond the apex
of the setal lobe. A slender cirrus, characteristic of
the genus, is attached to the end of the setal lobe poste-
rior to the acicula tip. In each parapodium there is a
bunch of very long and slender compound setae. A round-
ed, brown-colored setal gland lies on the dorsal surface
just posterior to the parapodium. The appearance of this
varies in different individuals.

The type is no. 20086 in the United States National
Museum and was collected in 50 m at station 47. See
map 3 (p. 58).

Genus MAUITA Chamberlin

A fragment of a species belonging to this genus was
taken in 50 m at station 47.

Genus RHYNCHONERELLA A. Costa

Rhynchonerella pycnocera Chamberlin

Rhynchonerella pycnocera Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 147-150,
pi. 25, figs. 7, 8; pi. 29, figs. 1-6.

POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS

37

Collected at stations and depths as follows:

Sta-

50 m

100 m

sta-

50m

100 m

tion

tion

16

X

X

69

X

28

X

X

88

X

,,

29

X

96

X

32

X

97

X

39

X

98

X

40

X

99

41

X

108

X

42

X

109

X

43

X

112

X

45

X

113

X

52

X

131

X

55

X

137

X

57

X

143

X

60

X

149

X

..

66

X

(See map 3, p. 58).

Genus CORYNOCEPHALUS Levinsen

Corynocephalus paumotanus Chamberlin

Corynocephalus paumotanus Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 141-
143, pi. 23, figs. 1-3

Collected as indicated below.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

1

X

97

X

1- 2

X

99

X

X

4

..

X

100

X

15

X

104

X

X

18

X

105

X

27

..

X

106

X

X

31

X

107

X

..

36

X

109

X

X

37

X

113

X

41

X

115

X

47

..

X

121

X

50-51

X

.,

131

X

51

..

X

132

X

52

X

135

. •

X

53

..

X

..

136

X

X

55

X

137

. *

X

56

..

X

X

138

.*

X

63-64

X

..

..

143

X

71

X

.,

146

..

X

74

X

148

. • . .

X

75

..

..

X

149

X X

..

82

X

151

X

84

X

..

152

X

X

85

X

153

X

..

87

X

..

156

. ■ . .

X

89

X

..

157

..

X

91

..

X

. ,

159

X

..

94

..

X

X

160

..

X

95

..

X

(See map 3, p. 58).

Corynocephalus magnachaetus n. sp.

(Plate II, figures 21, 22)

A slender, elongated species about 20 mm in length
and containing about 90 somites. The body is not more

than 0.5 mm in diameter and the prostomium 0.75 mm.
The body width is fairly uniform until near the posterior
end where there is a narrowing; the pygidium width be-
ing not more than one-fourth that of the widest part of
the body. These measurements were made on the type
specimen which may not have been fully grown but
others agreed fairly well with this. The body is much
more slender and there is less overlapping of somites
than is the case in C. paumotanus of Chamberlin.

The prostomium is depressed between the eyes and
has a very short median tentacle near its anterior bor-
der (pi II, fig. 21). In most individuals, including the
type, the prostomium was bent so that no good view of it
could be obtained. In the one drawn the left anterior ten-
tacle remains, the right one having been lost. The ante-
rior tentacles are essentially similar in form and size
to the posterior and are bent back under the prostomium.
There are five pairs of tentacular cirri, one on the first
somite and two on each of the following. The first are
small and ventrally placed, each about equal, to tentacle
in size. The second and third ventral cirri are succes-
sively smaller than the first. The dorsal cirrus of the
second somite is considerably larger than the ventral a
and the third is still larger. In the one drawn, the head
region had been bent so that on the left side the large
tentacular cirrus appears to be in contact with the pro-
stomium. In his key to the described species of Cory-
nocephalus, Chamberlin (1919, p. 141) uses the axes of
the eyes in their relation to one another as important
features of the diagnosis. Owing to distortion during
preservation, or for other reasons, none of the Carnegie
material was sufficiently uniform in this respect to be of
value in species determination.

The parapodia carry broad dorsal and ventral cirri,
the dorsal being the larger, and anterior ones are small-
er than those from near the middle of the body. The se-
tae are characteristic in that as far back as somites 14
or 15 each parapodium has a bundle of four or five very
long heavy ones, radiating fan like from the parapodial
surface, there being only a few slender ones. Behind the
region of somite 15 the parapodia are larger and carry
tufts of long, slender, simple setae; the stout setae as a
rule disappear completely. In some specimens the only
pigmentation is a small spot on either side at the base of
the parapodium, but what seems to be a more typical
condition is shown in plate II, figure 22. On the dorsal
surface of the otherwise colorless somite fine brown
lines outline a trapezoid, the anterior one of these lines
being the shorter. Toward their middle these lines show
a tendency to break up and be connected by a network of
finer lines. From each basal angle of the trapezoid a
line extends to the pigment spot on the parapodial surface
and a much finer one extends in a loop forward from the
anterior angles.

The type was collected at station 97 in 50 m and is
no. 20087 in the United States National Museum. Others
were taken in 50 m at stations 2, 44, and 71; and in 100
m at stations 74 and 99. See map 3 (p. 58).

Genus PLOTOHELMIS Chamberlin

Plotohelmls alata Chamberlin

Plotohelmis alata Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 144-146, pi. 23,
figs. 4-10, pi. 24, figs. 1-3.

Collected at stations 97 in 50 m and 132 in 100 m.
See map 3 (p. 58).

38

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

Genus CALLIZONELLA Apstein

Callizonella pigmenta n. sp.

(Plate II, figure 25)

The following description is tentatively offered for a
new species of this genus, of which a very few appeared
in the collections. The body is about 5 mm long and not
over 0.5 mm wide in the widest part, which is about the
middle region. From here there is a very decided ta-
pering to the pygidium. The most noticeable feature is
a deposit of black pigment on the dorsal face of the
first five somites, a color character easily visible to the
naked eye. The eyes (pi. II, fig. 25) are very large and
separated from one another by a narrow but relatively
deep depression. Apparently the lenses normally are
pointed ventrally but distortions are so easy in the case
of the eyes that the author is not certain this is the case,
or whether the condition is a result of preservation and
mounting. He could find no median tentacle.

On either side of the first somite is a ventral tenta-
cular cirrus which is covered over by the very large
pigmented cirrophore of the dorsal tentacular cirrus of
the second somite. Of the tentacular cirri of the second
pair, the ventral one is similar in size and form to that
of the first. Because of distortion and poor preserva-
tion it is impossible to be certain, but apparently the
third pair of tentacular cirri is a small dorsal and much
larger ventral one, the bases of the latter nearly meet-
ing on the ventral surface. In the following somites the
ventral cirri are similar to the smaller ones of the ven-
tral tentacular cirri.

The pigment above mentioned ceases abruptly on the
posterior border of the fifth setigerous somite. The
parapodia are acutely conical at the apices and each has
the terminal cirrus characteristic of the genus. As the
body narrows posteriorly, the parapodia retain their
length and at the same time become more slender so that
they are very prominent. No cirri were to be found.
The setae are of two kinds, capillary and crochets. They
are both very long, especially those in posterior somites
where they are longer than the l)ody diameter. In these
posterior somites the crochets are more numerous with
reference to the capillary than is the case farther for-
ward.

The type is no. 20088 in the United States National
Museum and was collected at station 151 in 50 m. See
map 3 (p. 58).

A fragment of a specimen of this genus was taken in
50 m at station 23.

FAMILY TYPHLOSCOLECIDAE

Genus TYPHLOSCOLEX Busch

Typhloscolex mulleri Busch

(Plate II, figure 27)

Typhloscolex mulleri, Busch, 1851.
Typhloscolex mulleri, Reibisch, 1895, pp. 52-53; pi. 5,
figs. 1-5.

The identification was by means of the descriptions
given by Reibisch.

Stations and depths of collections were as follows:

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

27

X

82

X

X

30

.,

X

, ,

88

X

39

X

..

89

X

41

, ,

X

X

89-90

53

..

X

90

X

60-61

X

..

..

94

X

X

61-62

X

^ ,

..

95

X

62-63

X

..

96

X

63-64

X

. ,

97

X

66

..

..

X

98

X

X

68

, ,

X

105

X

69

, ,

X

X

109

X

71

..

X

112

72

X

113

X

72-73

X

117

X

73

, ,

X

120

X

74

X

123

X

75

, ,

X

X

125

X

76

X

. ,

128

X

79

••

X

129

X

• •

• •

See map 4, p. 59. Indeterminable species of this
genus were taken at the surface at stations 31 and 36,
and in 100 m at 22 and 71.

Genus PLOTOBIA Chamberlin

Plotobia simplex Chamberlin

Plotobia simplex Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 155-156, pi. 65,
figs. 6-11; pi. 66, fig. 1,

Collected in 50 m at station 122 and in 100 m at sta-
tions 120 and 123. The record shows that one was taken
at station 64 in 1000 m. This probably should read 100 m.

Plotobia pauclchaeta n. sp.
(Plate n, figure 26)

As defined by Chamberlin (1919, p. 152) this genus
is characterized by the possession of a dorsal pair of
nuchal organs, which in one of his two species is
branched and in the other cirriform. The cirrus-like
structures on the dorsal prostomial surface of these
specimens seem to be homologous with Chamberlin's
nuchal organs and the author has accordingly placed
them in the genus Plotobia.

The type is 3.5 mm long and the prostomium is blunt-
ly rounded but in others it carries the characteristic
pointed tentacle (plate II, fig. 26). Dorsally the prosto-
mium is elevated and on either side is a broad cirrus.
The rounded nuchal organs lie on the dorsal surface and
there are no eyes.

Along the side of the body are twenty pairs of plate-
like cirri which are broadly lanceolate in outline and are
largest near the middle of the body except that the anal
pair are very large and broad. The posterior somites
are short and in consequence the posterior cirri are
much crowded together. The only setae in the body are
on the last three somites, immediately in front of the
pygidium. The author was unable to find any setae at all
in the type, but they occur in other specimens. In each
seta tuft are two stout, colorless, and slightly bent setae.

POLYCHAETOUS ANNEUDS

39

The type is no. 20090 in the United States National
Museum and was collected at the surface at station 82.
Others were taken as indicated below.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

16
17
19
20-21
23
24
27
29
32
35
41
42
45
50
53
55
56
57
61-62
62-63
63-64
64

X
X

X
X

X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X

64-65

68

69

71

74

80

81

82

89

90

93

95

97

98

99

102

104

119

128

129*

141

See map 4, p. 59. ♦This sample was taken at 1000
m. **This sample was taken at 10 m.

Genus TRAVISOPSIS Levinsen

Specimens recognizable as this genus, but not well
enough preserved for species diagnosis, were taken at
stations 25 and 27 in 50 m and on the surface at station
29.

FAMILY TOMOPTERIDAE

Genus TOMOPTERIS Escholtz
Tomopteris aura Chamberlin

Tomopteris eura Chamberlin, 1919, pp. 160-161, pi. 27,
figs. 1, 2.

Characterized by the presence of a first cirrus and
a long tail devoid of parapodia. The author has listed a
few small ones in which the tail does not appear as of this
species, since it seems probable that this condition is
owing to imperfect preservation.

Collected as recorded below.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

18

X

74

X

52

X

104

X

54

X

112

X

■ . . .

56

X

113

X

.•

65

X

•■

120

•■

X

What are probably the young of this species were
collected in 50 m at station 132, and in 100 m at stations
18 and 54. See map 4 (p. 59).

Tomopteris septentrionalis Quatrefages
Tomopteris septentrionalis Quatrefages, 1865, p. 220.

The author has identified these from the diagnosis
given by Rosa (1908, pp. 297-301, pi. 12, fig. 17). Rosa
figures only a parapodium, and the Carnegie specimens
agree with his diagnosis in all respects except that the
hyaline glands are not always visible. In most parapo-
dia they appear as rusty-red spots lying near the chro-
mophile glands. There are no rosettes.

This species has been recorded from the South Pa-
cific region by Benham (1921, p. 64; 1929, pp. 195-196)
and by Munro (1930, pp. 86-87). Most of these were col-
lected nearer the Antarctic region than were any of the
Carnegie specimens, though Munro has one record from
23° south latitude.

Collected as indicated below.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

6
6-7
12
28
37
41
42
61
65
68
96
Samoa

X

113

X

117

X

119

X

120

121

X

122

X

123

124

125

X

128

X

130

131

X
X
X
X

(See map 4, p. 59).

Very small specimens, agreeing with these in the
form of the prostomium and tentacles and undoubtedly
the young of this species, were taken as indicated below.

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50 m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

5-6

X

..

55

6-7

X

56

8

X

57

10

X

63

20

X

127

37

X

..

137

41

X

149

42

X

..

151

45

X

152

51

..

X

153

53

,,

X

(See map 4, p. 59).

Tomopteris sp.

Under this head the author has listed a considerable
number of specimens which are either too young or too
badly mutilated for accurate identification. It seems
probable that most of them are T. septentrionalis. Col-
lected as indicated below.

40

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

Sta-
tion

Sur-
face

50m

100 m

6- 7

X

..

69

X

X

9

X

X

72

X

, ,

10

X

, ,

73

X

19

..

X

76

X

20

X

82

,,

21

X

95-96 X

, ,

22

X

98

X

25

X

99

X

28

X

..

109

X

35

X

111

X

38

X

112

X

39

115

X

40

X

128

X

49

X

130

50-51

X

131

X

56

X

132

X

59

..

X

136

X

60-61

X

137

X

, ,

63-64

X

147

.

X

66

..

X

149

X

67

• .

X

153

X

• •

FAMILY SYLLIDAE

Genus AUTOLYTUS Grube

Autolytus pacificus n. sp.

(Plate II, figures 28-30)

Only female individuals were present and of these
one was carrying a prominent bunch of eggs attached to
the ventral surface, as is common in this genus. The
body of the type ic about 3 mm long and somewhat less
than 0.4 mm wide. It is divided into three regions: the
anterior, the median, and the terminal region. The most
anterior region is composed of a head and five setiger-
ous somites in which there are no evident parapodia, the
setae arising directly from the body wall. The median
region is composed of twelve somites which carrv prom-
inent parapodia. The terminal region is shorter than
the anterior one, and it is not possible, owing to the
conditions of the material, to determine the precise so-
mite number. There seems to be about eight (pi. II, fig.
28).

Seen from the dorsal surface the prostomium (pi. II,
fig. 29) shows a median and two lateral rounded lobes,
and two pairs of eyes of which the ventral ones are much
the larger. These sometimes lie in such a position that
the smaller one is seen on top the larger (fig. 29).
There are no tentacles unless small rounded lobes ven-
tral to the eye may represent these organs.

In the anterior region four or five setae arise di-
rectly from the body wall on either side of each somite.
These (pi. II, fig. 30) are slender and short, and are bi-
furcated at their ends. In none of these somites is there
any trace of compound setae. In the median region each
parapodium carries a tuft of setae similar to these but
having longer stalks and in addition some very long,
slender, sharp-pointed ones.

The type is no. 20089 in the United States National
Museum and was collected at Samoa on the surface.

The author admits that he is entirely uncertain of
the systematic position of the annelids now to be de-
scribed and has given them new generic and specific
names. If they really belong in some well-known genus,

that fact will doubtless appear later. Tentatively they
are grouped with the Syllidae.

EPITOKA n. genus

Palps completely fused, forming a prostomial mar-
gin ventral to the bases of the dorsal tentacles. There
are two pairs of tentacles, two eyes, and one pair of ten-
tacular cirri. The apices of all parapodia are drawn out
into slender processes much longer than the body width.
Setae begin on the second somite, and are long, slender,
and compound. Dorsal and ventral cirri are short and
ovate with acute apices.

Epitoka pelagica n. sp.
(Plate II, figure 31)

The body is very slender and transparent, npt more
than 3 mm long, prostomial width 0.17 mm. The pro-
stomial breadth is about twice its length, and it is mod-
erately incised on the anterior margin, each side being
prolonged into an anterior tentacle. Ventrally a rounded
lobe (fused palps?) extends in front of the prostomium.
The ventral tentacles are somewhat heavier than the
dorsal ones (pi. II, fig. 31). On the prostomium are two
large eyes with their lenses directed outward. The first
somite is short and definitely marked off from the pro-
stomium. It carries a pair of tentacular cirri which
much resemble the tentacles in appearance. On the sec-
ond somite are parapodia, which, at a distance from the
body about equal to the diameter of the latter, decidedly
narrow and are carried beyond this point to a distance of
five or six times the body diameter. The type was some-
what macerated so the exact outline of this parapodial
prolongation was difficult to determine, but apparently
it widens toward the outer end, thus being club-shaped.
A small and inconspicuous dorsal cirrus lies near the
parapodial base. The ventral cirrus, similarly located,
is somewhat larger than the dorsal. The parapodial pro-
longation of the second setigerous somite is hardly more
than one half as long as that of the first, and the whole
parapodium is smaller than the first. In all, there are
sixteen somites and this parapodial arrangement holds
throughout, there being only a very slight narrowing to-
ward the posterior end. There is one pair of long anal
cirri, similar in form to the parapodial prolongations.
A muscular pharynx lies wholly in somite 3 (second se-
tigerous). Scattered through the coelom and in the para-
podial cavities of the type were numerous eggs in cleav-
age stages.

In each setigerous somite there are very long setae,
which, in some cases, extend beyond the ends of the
parapodial prolongations. They are all compound (pi. II,
fig. 32); the basal joint broad and flattened, the terminal
joint slender and needle-like.

Because of poor preservation it is probable that the
drawing (fig. 31) is incorrect in some details, such as
the relative diameters in different parts of the parapodi-
al expansions, etc., but the proportions are as accurate
as they could be made with the material at the author's
disposal.

The type is no. 20091 in the United States National
Museum and was collected at station 62 in 50 m. Others
were collected at stations 60, 74, and 96 in 50 m, and at
station 73 in 100 m.

POLYCHAETOUS AMNELIDS

41

FAMILY NEREIDAE

Genus NERE3S Linnaeus

Nereis slngulaxis n. sp.

(Plate III, figures 33-37)

The type is 8 mm long and 0.5 mm wide at the pro-
stomium, tapering toward the posterior end. The pro-
stomial length is about equal to its width, its greatest di-
ameter being just in front of the anterior eyes (pi. Ill,
fig. 33). The tentacles are separate to their bases, rath-
er stout, and nearly as long as the prostomium. The
palps have globular basal joints and narrower terminal
ones which are more or less distorted in the specimen
from which the drawing was made. The eyes are rep-
resented by two irregularly shaped masses of brownish
pigment spots in which no indication of the usual sepa-
ration into two pairs of eyes can be seen. The first so-
mite extends rather far forward by the sides of the pro-

stomium. The longest tentacular cirrus is the dorsal one
of the second pair which extends to somite 9.

In the parapodium the dorsoventral diameter is some-
what less than that of the somite, its setal lobes being
about equal in length. The dorsal cirrus is very long
(pi. Ill, fig. 34), and the lobe which carries it is longer
than the others. The ventral cirrus is very short. There
are three kinds of setae. The most ventral ones are
compound and have short terminal joints (pi. Ill, fig. 35)
which are bent at the ends. Dorsal to these, and making
up most of the dorsal bundle, are other compound setae
whose terminal joints are long and slender, and toothed
along one margin (pi. Ill, fig. 36). In the dorsal bundle is
a single much larger compound seta having the form
shown in figure 37.

The type is no. 20092 in the United States National
Museum and was collected at stations 13 and 14 at the
surface. See map 4 (p. 59).

LARVAE AND GENERIC ALLY INDETERMNABLE MATERIAL

HETERONEREIDS

Heteronereids were numerous in a sample takfn at
Easter Island and another at Guam, but no attempt v,'as
made at identification.

SPIONIDS

The collections also contain pelagic larvae of uncer-
tain relationships which show certain resemblances to
larvae described by Hacker (1898). Hacker identified
some larvae as soionids, and though none bore any very
close resemblance to those of the Carnegie collection, it
is quite possible that some of the latter belong in this
family. Hacker gave the type name "Rostraria" to lar-
vae characterized by a peculiarly shaped prostomium
bearing large eyes, posterolateral prolongations, and a
pair of very heavy tentacles which may be longer than
the entire body. On either side of the first somite is a
tuft of long setae. Hacker described four groups of these
larvae so definitely distinct from one another that he
gave them specific names. One specimen of the Carne-
gie collection is very close to Hacker's R. galatea (1898,
pi. IV, fig. 33) but is not sufficiently well preserved for
the author to attempt a species diagnosis. HScker
thought that his larvae probably belonged in the family
Disomidae.

LARVA A

The body is 5 mm long and 0.5 mm wide in the wid-
est part. The prostomium (pi. Ill, fig. 38) has a width
nearly twice its length, and on its dorsal surface are two
pairs of eyes of which the larger are nearer the lateral
margin. The peristomium is nearly four times as wide
as the prostomium and three times as long. On either
side it carries a cirrus and a tuft of about ten very
heavy setae which carry numerous spines on their sur-
faces (pi. in, fig. 39). The next somite is much shorter
than the first and has on either side a small ovoid dor-
sal, and much larger ventral cirrus. Between the two is
a small tuft of slender curved setae. In the next somite
the dorsal cirrus is essentially the same as before ex-
cept that it is larger and the setae ventral to this dorsal

cirrus are larger. In this somite two setae appear ven-
tral to the larger (ventral) cirrus, one being slender,
the other much larger and spiked along the margin. In
later somites the arrangement is that two large spiked
setae lie just ventral to the elongated oval dorsal cirrus,
between it and the ventral cirrus. Ventral to the ventral
cirrus is a seta tuft containing only two setae; one very
slender, the other spiked. The latter are much smaller
than those in the dorsal bundle. Posteriorly the somites
become much shorter and narrower; the long dorsal cir-
rus and heavy setae disappear. The pygidium (pi. Ill,
fig. 40) is broad and carries a large tuft of cilia on eith-
er side. In the specimen figured the twenty -second,
twenty-third, and twenty-fourth somites were ciliated
dorsal to the parapodium. The author could not deter-
mine if this extended across the dorsum.

Collected at stations 39 and 40 in 50 m. See map 4
(p. 59).

LARVA B

Possibly a later stage of A, though it may belong to
a different species. The pygidium is not ciliated but ap-
proaches the definite form of a spionid. The prostomi-
um (pi. Ill, fig. 41) is broadly rounded and carries two
pairs of eyes of which the lateral are nearer the ventral
surface than are the median, and in the mounted materi-
al they show only faintly through the overlying tissue.
There is a short anterior median tentacle and a heavy
tentacle on either side. The peristomium is similar to
that of larva A, with its cirri and tuft of heavy spiked
setae (not shown in fig. 41).

The specimens were poorly preserved but so far as
the author could tell, the arrangement of cirri and setae
in the anterior body region is exactly as described for
larva A. Posterior to the region of somite 20 the body
form changes as in larva A, but gills are beginning to
appear on the dorsal surface of each somite in these
posterior somites. Two somites composing the pygidi-
um have no parapodia or setae but are much flattened
and their margins are covered with pigment spots.

Collected at stations 53 and 54 on the surface. See
map 4 (p. 59).

42

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

SPIONID LARVA

It seems probable that larvae A and B are spionids
and quite certain that the next one to be described be-
longs in that family. The single specimen is 10 mm long
and about 0.5 mm wide. The prostomium (pi. Ill, fig. 42)
is definitely spionid in form. It is rounded on the ante-
rior margin and its greatest diameter is just behind the
anterior eyes. From here it narrows rather rapidly and
terminates in a tongue-like part which extends backward
over the first somite. A second pair of very inconspic-
uous eyes lies near the posterior prostomial margin.
The author is uncertain as to whether the part immedi-
ately behind the prostomium is composed of two somites
or is a biannulate somite. The somite following it (sec-
ond or third?) has a small dorsal, and slightly larger
ventral cirrus in each parapodium, which also carries
a tuft of slender setae, longer than the body diameter.
The second setigerous somite has larger dorsal and ven-
tral cirri than has the first and setae similar to the first
but much shorter. In addition, each neuropodium has a
single stout spine (pi. Ill, fig. 43). In later somites all
the heavy setae are straight, sharp-pointed, and much
heavier than anteriorly. The simple setae in these pos-
terior somites are few in number and sometimes have a
jointed appearance. This probably is owing to acciden-
tal breaks and not to true jointing.

Collected at station 89 in 50 m. See map 4 (p. 59).

LARVA C

The body is 3 to 4 mm long and about 3 mm wide.
The prostomium (pi. Ill, fig. 44) is rounded anteriorly
with a median marginal indentation. The anterior pro-
stomial margin is carried ventrally to form a broad up-
per lip. On either side is a massive tentacle, and dor-
sally a pair of inconspicuous eyes. Just posterior to the
eye on either side is a curved (nuchal?) organ. Between
the tentacle and the upper lip, on either side, is a bunch
of long cilia (not shown in the figure). The first somite
has on either side a ventral tuft of short, sharp, curved
setae and a dorsal bundle of much longer ones exactly
similar to those in later somites. Under low power these
appear smooth, but a higher magnification brings out fine
spines scattered over the siurface. On the first parapodi-
um there is a lobe between the two seta tufts. In anterior
somites the setal arrangement is similar to that of the
first, except that there are a few short setae similar to
the ventral ones of the first parapodium, lying at the bas-
es of the long setae. Some long setae appear in the ven-
tral tuft more posteriorly. The setae are several times
as long as the body diameter and in the preserved mate-
rial are very much tangled. There is a decrease in body
diameter toward theposterior end, and a complete ring
of cilia on thepygidium. The only par apodial cirri the au-
thor could find are the ones lying between the setae tufts.

This is possibly a spionid but the author is very un-
certain of even this identification.

Collected at stations 41 in 50 m, and 114 and 115 in
100 m. See map 4 (p. 59).

LARVA D

A single small specimen not quite 3 mm long. The
prostomium in outline is a very blunt cone (pi. in, fig.
45), its lateral margins being much obscured by large
bundles of cilia. On each side of the dorsal prostomial
surface are six groups of pigment spots, of which the
median pair are much more clearly defined than is eith-
er lateral group. There is a single pair of large tenta-
cles, one of which was broken off in mounting the speci-
men. There is a bundle of long, straight, colorless se-
tae on either side of the prostomium, each seta having
minute spines scattered over its surface. Similar but
slightly smaller setae occur on following somites, and
toward the pygidium, where the body is narrower, they
become very small. On the ventral side of each parapo-
dium is a tuft of shorter curved setae, and there is a
cirrus between the two seta tufts. On each parapodium,
just posterior to the dorsal seta tuft, is a rather prom-
inent oval gill. Beginning on somite 9 long, slender,
hooded crochets appear and continue in later somites,
being especially prominent toward the posterior end of
the body. The pygidium is ciliated.

These possibly are spionids.

Collected at station 112 in 50 m. See map 4 (p. 59).
What is possibly an earlier stage of this species was
taken at station 96 in 100 m.

TEREBELUDS

Larval terebellids of indeterminable genera and spe-
cies were collected at the surface at stations 2, 31, and
36; in 50 m at station 118; and in 100 m at stations 2, 66,
and HI.

"CHAETOSPHAERA"

Larvae corresponding in appearance to what Hacker
(1898, pp. 19-20) named Chaetosphaera. The body is
very much rolled ventrally so that prostomium and py-
gidium are almost touching, and its most evident char-
acteristic is the arrangement of the very large setae.
These are nearly as long as the transverse diameter of
the body, and spread in such a fashion as to completely
cover the dorsal surface and extend anteriorly and pos-
teriorly as well as laterally to considerable distances
from the body margins. Each seta is curved, its apex
entire, and has a row of sharp teeth along its convex
margin. The setae are rich chestnut in color and, being
so numerous, they give this tint to the entire animal.
The prostomium (pi. in, fig. 46) is distinctly bilobed,
each lobe being rounded on the anterior margin, and
there are two prominent eyes. On either side is a heavy
tentacle. The specimen was coiled so that only about
eight somites were visible from the dorsal view, and de-
tails of pygidial structure were difficult to get. So far
as could be determined the pygidium is rounded.

Collected at stations 89 and 90 at the surface, and
110 in 50 m. See map 4 (p. 59).

POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS

43

LITERATURE CITED

Apstein, C. 1900. Die Alciopiden und Tomopteriden der
Plankton Expedition. Ergebnisse der Plankton Ex-
pedition, vol. 2, pp. 1-58, 14 pis. Kiel.

Benham, W. B. 1929. Scientific reports of the Austral-
ian Antarctic Expedition, series C, vol. 21, pt. 3,
pp. 1-128, 6 pis. Sydney.

1929. Natural History Report, British Antarc-
tic (Terra Nova) Expedition, 1910, Zoology, vol. 7,
no. 3, pp. 183-201. London.

Busch, Wilhelm. 1851. Beobachtung tlber Anatomie und
Entwicklung einiger wirbellose Seethiere.

Chamberlin, R. V. 1919. The Annelida Polychaeta.

Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, 48, pp. 1-
80. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Claperfede, R. E. 1869. Annelides Chaetopodesdu Golfe
de Naples. Mem. Soc. Phys. de Genfeve, vol. 20, pp.
365-542, 14 pis. Geneve.

Gravier, Charles. 1911. Annelides Polychaetes.

Deuxieme ExpMition Antarctique francaise (1908-
1910) commandee par Dr. Jean Charcot. Paris.

Greef, R. 1879. Ueber die pelagischen Anneliden von
der Kuste der Canarischen Inseln. Ztschr. f. wis-
sensch. Zool., vol. 32, pp. 237-283, pis. 13-15.

1885. Ueber die pelagische Fauna an den Ku-

sten der Giunea-Inseln. Ztschr. f. wissensch. Zool.,
vol. 42, pp. 432-458, pis. 12-14.

Grube, A. E. 1851. Die Familien der Anneliden. Berlin.

Hacker, V. 1898. Die pelagischen Polychaeten und

Achaeten-larven der Plankton Expedition. Ergebnis-
se der Plankton Expedition, vol. 2, no. 3. Kiel.

Kinberg, J. G. H. 1857. Animalia annulata. Oefv.
Vetensk. Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm.

Mcintosh, W. C. 1885. Report on the Annelida Poly-
chaeta. Rep. Sci. results of voyage of H.M.S Chal-
lenger, Zoology, vol. 12, pp. 1-554, pis. 1-55, lA-
39A.

Munro, C. C. A. 1930. Polychaetous Worms. Discovery
Reports, vol. 2, pp. 1-222, text figs. 1-81. Cam-
bridge, England.

Pallas, P. S. 1766. Miscellanea Zoologica. Hag. Comit.

Quatrefages, M. A. de. 1865. Histoire naturelle des
Anneles mar ins et d'eau douce, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 1-
794, pis. 1-20.

Reibisch, J. 1895. Die pelagischen Phyllodociden und
Typhloscoleciden der Plankton Expedition. Ergeb-
nisse der Plankton Expedition. Kiel.

Rosa, Daniele. 1908. Racolte Planctoniche fatte dalla
Nave "Liguria" nel viaggio di circonnavigazione
del 1903-1906, vol. 1, no. 5, Annelidi pt. 2, Tomop-
teridi, pp. 245-328, (1-83) pi. 12. Firenze.

Treadwell, A. L. 1906. Polychaetous Annelids of the
Hawaiian Islands collected by the Steamer Albatross
in 1902. Bull. U. S. Fish Commission for 1903, pt. 3,
pp. 1145-1181, figs. 1-81. Washington.

44

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

Table 2. Distribution of polychaetous annelids
Letters in table designate depth at which sample was taken: a = surface,

Station

Latitude

Longitude

Map 1

Species

Map 2

Species

lA

38 14 N

67 34 W

Between

1-

2

37 45 N

53 26 W

2

39 06 N

45 41 W

3

44 00 N

36 low

4

44 39 N

33 06 W

5

43 15 N

31 32 W

Between

5-

6

50 00N

14 27 W

6

50 22 N

13 31 W

6-

7

56 00 N

4 OOE

6-

^een
7B

58 SON

1 48 E

8,

63 SON

14 41 W

9C

62 45 N

25 52 W

10

59 19 N

34 15 W

12

51 40 N

49 32 W

13-

14

42 18 N

47 11 W

14

42 10 N

47 19 W

15

38 39 N

48 48 W

16

36 47 N

46 31 W

17

33 42 N

42 21 W

18

29 47N

40 36 W

19

24 00 N

39 36 W

20

19 13 N

38 28 W

Between

20-

21

16 01 N

37 52 W

21

15 SON

37 56 W

22

13 25 N

38 00 W

23

10 SON

37 24 W

24

8 15 N

36 low

25

11 02 N

37 06 W

27

11 20 N

44 12 W

28

13 ION

49 36 W

29

13 16 N

52 13 W

30

12 54 N

56 15 W

31

14 46 N

63 26 W

32.

15 18 N

68 11 W

33A

13 37 N

76 22 W

34

11 18 N

78 34 W

35

6 32 N

80 04 W

35-

36

6 16 N

80 17 W

Between

35-

36

4 16 N

79 39 W

36

2 54 N

80 02 W

37,

5 59 N

82 56 W

38U

3 46N

81 37 W

39

52N

81 14 W

40

1 32 S

82 16 W

41

1 37 S

86 58 W

42

1 32 8

93 low

43

2 30S

95 43 W

44

3 15 S

99 48 W

45

4 35 S

105 03 W

46

9 06S

108 20 W

47

14 07 S

HI SOW

48

19 06 S

114 07 W

49

23 16 S

114 45 W

50

26 27 8

115 21 W

Between

50-

51

28 38 8

114 59 W

Between

50-

51

28 45 8

114 55 W

51

29 06 S

114 48 W

52

31 28 8

112 51 W

53

29 06 8

108 44 W

Between

53-

54

27 25 S

109 25 W

b,c
a

b,c

b.c

b,c

c

c

b,c
b
c
c

b,c

c

c

b

b,c

a

a

c

b,c

b,c

POLYCHAETOUS ANNELIDS

45

collected by the Carnegie, 1928-1929

b= 50 meters, c = 100 meters, d = 10 meters, e = 1000 meters

Map 3

Map 4

Species

Species

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

.... b
c

b,c

b

b c '.'.

b,c .. ..

c a ..

c

c

b,c

c a

c

b,c b,c
c

c

c

c

a

c

b,c ....

c .. c ....

c

c ....

c b
c b

c

46

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEQE

Table 2. Distribution of polychaetous annelids

Station

Latitude

Longitude

Map 1

Species

2 3 4

Map 2

Species

54

29 17 S

108 54 W

55

32 03 S

110 55 W

56

31 49 S

109 04 W

57

33 59 S

106 43 W

58

36 51 S

104 55 W

59

39 51 S

101 04 W

60

40 24 S

97 33 W

Between

60- 61

40 26S

97 12 W

Between

60- 61

40 22 S

96 59 W

61

38 29 S

94 14 W

Between

61- 62

37 35 S

93 35 W

Between

61- 62

37 34 S

93 35 W

62

34 35 S

91 52 W

Between

62- 63

32 25 S

89 49 W

Between

62- 63

32 23 S

89 42 W

63

32 10 S

89 04 W

Between

63- 64

32 05 S

88 58 W

Between

63- 64

32 03 S

88 55 W

Between

63- 64

32 01 S

88 54 W

Between-
63- 64^

31 58 S

88 18 W

Between
63- 64B

31 51 S

88 21 W

Between

63- 64

31 SOS

88 22 W

64

31 54 S

88 17 W

Between

64- 65

31 52 S

87 51 W

Between

64- 65

31 52 S

87 46 W

Between

64- 65

31 31 S

86 57 W

65

31 07 S

86 39 W

66

27 04 S

84 01 W

67

24 57 S

82 15 W

68

21 28 S

80 26 W

69

16 49 S

78 39 W

70

13 53 S

77 54 W

71

11 57 S

78 37 W

72

9 58S

82 low

Between

72- 73

10 30 S

84 20 W

73

10 45 S

84 57 W

74

11 00 S

87 24 W

75

14 15 S

92 05 W

76

15 18 S

97 28 W

''''n

14 20 S

103 12 W

78^

13 02 S

108 03 W

79

12 36 S

112 14 W

80

12 39 S

117 22 W

81

13 03 S

121 12 W

82

14 52 S

126 07 W

83

17 00 S

129 45 W

84

17 11 S

133 18 W

85

17 12 S

136 37 W

85- 86

17 48 S

140 49 W

86

17 36 S

141 55 W

87

18 05 S

145 33 W

88

16 42 S

150 41 W

89

17 09 S

152 41 W

89- 90

17 04 S

152 58 W

90

16 35 S

155 45 W

b,c
c

c b

b,c

a,c

b

b,c

a,c .. c .

c

c .. a,c

a,b,c

b .. a .

b,c ..

b,c ,

a

a,b,c .. b,c

c .. a,b,c

b,c .. b,c c

c .. a a

a ..

a .. a .

.. a

b

a ..

b .. b ..

b .. b ..

a .. a ..

b .. b ..

b
b
b
b

POLYCHAETOUS ANNEUDS
collected by the Carnegie, 1928-1929--Continued

47

Map 3

Map 4

Species

Species

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1

11

12

13

14

b ..
a,c ..

c

c ....

b,c ...
b,c
b ...

c
c

b c
c

b b

b b,c

... b

b

a,c
b

c c
b ..

a

b

c

b,c

c b

b ..

b ..
b ..

a,b

a

a

a,b

b b
b

a
b

b ...
"b Z

48

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEQE

Table 2. Distirbution of polychaetous annelids

Latitude

Longitude

Map 1

Map 2

Station

Species

Species

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

91

15 44 S

160 25 W

92

15 IBS

163 14 W

93

14 41 S

167 41 W

Between^

93- 94 E

(14 18 S)

(170 42 W)

94

12 47 S

171 35 W c

95

8 43S

170 56 W

96

6 47 S

172 23 W

97

3 47S

172 39 W

98

18N

173 59 W

99

4 22 N

176 23 W

100

8 05 N

178 48 W

101

13 23 N

177 27 E

102

16 25 N

171 59 E

103

19 19 N

166 23 E

104

20 12 N

161 19 E

105

18 43 N

156 16 E

106

16 14 N

151 04 E

107

14 05 N

146 06 E

108

18 26 N

144 01 E

109

23 22 N

144 08 E

110

26 20 N

144 24 E

111

31 00 N

144 16 E

112

33 51 N

141 15 E

113

34 44 N

141 04 E

114

36 38 N

143 34 E

115

37 40 N

145 26 E

116

38 41 N

147 41 E

ll'^T,

40 20 N

150 58 E

118F

42 29 N

155 24 E

119

45 24 N

159 36 E

120

47 02 N

166 20 E

121

46 05 N

171 32 E

122

46 16 N

174 03 E

123

50 27 N

172 51 W

124

52 19 N

162 02 W

125

51 58 N

150 39 W

127

44 16 N

137 37 W

128

40 37N

132 23 W

129

38 50 N

126 02 W

130

37 05 N

123 43 W

131

33 49 N

126 20 W

Between

131-132

32 32 N

127 45 W

132

31 38 N

128 48 W

133

29 21 N

132 30 W

134

27 45 N

135 22 W

135

26 39 N

139 07 W

136

26 13 N

142 02 W

137

24 02 N

145 33 W

138

22 53 N

151 15 W

139

21 47 N

155 31 W

140B

23 26 N

159 27 W

141

29 02 N

161 11 W

142

32 42 N

160 44 W

143

34 06 N

157 09 W

145

33 27 N

145 30 W

146

31 51 N

140 50 W

147

27 27 N

138 14 W

148

24 57 N

137 44 W

149

21 18 N

138 36 W

150

16 15 N

137 06 W

151

12 40 N

137 32 W

152

10 05 N

139 44 W

153

7 45 N

141 24 W

154

6 42N

143 22 W

156

3 01 N

149 46 W

157

1 48 S

152 22 W

158

6 33 S

154 58 W

159

9 24 S

159 01 W

160

10 54 S

161 53 W

b

a

••

b,c

c

••

a,b,c
c

b

c

b

c

b,c

b

c

b,c

c

b,c

b,c

a,b,c

b

..

b,c

b,c

b

b,c

■•

b,c

b,c

a,b,c

b,c

■'bic
c

c

c

.......

c

c

"aib

b

b
c

c

b

c

,,

b,c

c

b

••

b

b

b,c

b
a,b,c

a,b
b,c

c
b,c
b
b
a
b
b
b

b
b

b,c
b,c
c
c
c
b

"b
b

c

b,c

c

b,c

'.'. ' b

a
b,c
c
c
c

"b
b
b

b

b,c

c

POLYCHAETOUS ANNEUDS
collected by the Carnegie, 1928-1929--Continued

49

Map 3

Map 4

Species

Species

3

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

b,c
b ..

"b b

b c
c

b,c
c

b,c
b

b,c
c
c
c

b,c

b c

b,c ....

c

b ....

b,c
c

b,c b,c

b,c

b,c

b,c

c

c

b,c

b,c

c
b,c
b,c

c

b ....

c
a,b

b

b,c

b

b ..

c
... b
... b

50

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

North Atlantic
Northeast Pacific
Southeast Pacific
Northwest Pacific

Central Pacific
Total

Table 2. Distribution of polychaetous annelids

Summary showing

Stations

Map 1

Map 2

Region

Species

Species

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

6

1

2

3

Number of stations at

1- 34

2

1

3

9

2

2

1

3

8

123-149

3

2

5

4

1

2

3

13

35- 80

2

1

3

6

35

5

17

2

1

1

22

1

101-122

3

15

11

1

1

1

7

81-100
150-160

1

1

3

7

21

1

12

1

1

1

20

4 10

21

85 8 46

8 70

■^Unidentifiable fragments. Bno annelids in bottle. ^xomopteris fragments. ^Fragments-

POLYCHAETOUS ANNEUDS

51

collected by the Carnegie, 1928-1929--Concluded
regional distribution

Map 3

Map 4

Species

Species

Total

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

which ar

nelic

is were taken

7 1

4

1

1

7

5

5

1

1

36

10

1

4

4

1

2

6

4

1

26

13 3

12

18

1

22

5

10

5

4

2

1

1

67

8

4

6

2

3

6

4

2

1

22

17 2

1

1

5

10

9

1

3

1

1

1

1

33

55 6

2

1

29

39

5

43

23

22

11

5

1

2

1

1

4

2

184

Tomopteris and unidentifiable. Epago Pago Harbor, Samoan Islands. ^Fragments of young Terebellids.

PLATE I - III

MAPS 1 - 4

54

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

PLATE I

FIGURES 1
Fig.

46

Fig. 1. Polynoella brunnea. Head region; magnifica-
tion: X 27.5

Fig. 2. Polynoella brunnea. Parapodium; magnifica-
tion: X 27.5

Fig. 3. Polynoella brunnea. Notopodial seta; magnifi-
cation: X 500

Fig. 4. Haliplanella pacifica. Anterior end; magnifi-
cation: X 27.5

Fig. 5. Haliplanella pacifica. Simple seta; magnifica-
tion: X 500

Fig. 6. Haliplanella pacifica. Compound seta; magni-
fication: X 500

Fig. 7. Lopadorhynchus varius. Anterior end; magni-
fication: X 27.5

Fig. 8. Lopadorhynchus varius. Parapodium showing
hooks; magnification: x 45

Fig. 9. Lopadorhynchus varius. Natatory seta; mag-
nification: X 250

Fig. 10. Lopadorhynchus varius. Pygidium; magnifica-
tion: X 68

Fig. 11. Phalacrophorus maculatus. Anterior end;
magnification: x 68

Fig. 12. Phalacrophorus maculatus. Parapodium; mag-
nification: X 47.5

Fig. 13. Phalacrophorus maculatus. Compound seta;
magnification: x 250

Fig. 14. Phalacrophorus attenuatus. Anterior end;
magnification: x 68

Fig. 15. Phalacrophorus niger. Anterior end; magnifi-
cation: X 27.5

Fig. 16. Alciopa distorta. Anterior end; magnification:
X27.5

Fig. 17. Alciopa distorta. Protruded pharynx; magni-
fication: X 6

PLATE II

Fig. 18. Alciopa distorta. Parapodium; magnification:
X47.5

Fig. 19. Torea fasciata. Ventral view of anterior end;
magnification: x 27.5

Fig. 20. Torea fasciata. Parapodium; magnification:
X27.5

Fig. 21. Corynocephalus magnachaetus. Head; magni-
fication: X 27.5

22. Corynocephalus magnachaetus. Lines showing
pigment markings on dorsal surfaces of so-
mite; magnification: x 45

Fig. 23. Vanadis uncinata. Anterior end; magnification:
X 27.5

Fig. 24. Vanadis uncinata. Parapodium; magnification:
X27.5

Fig. 25. Callizonella pigmenta. Anterior end; magnifi-
cation: X 27.5

Fig. 26. Plotobia paucichaeta. Anterior end; magnifi-
cation: X 45

Fig. 27. Typhloscolex muUeri. Anterior end; magnifi-
cation: X 45

Fig. 28. Autolytus pacificus. Entire animal; magnifi-
cation: X 45

Fig. 29. Autolytus pacificus. Prostomium; magnifica-
tion: X 136

Fig. 30. Autolytus pacificus. Apex of seta; magnifica-
tion: X 500

Fig. 31. Epitoka pelagica. Anterior end; magnification:
x59

Fig. 32. Epitoka pelagica. Seta; magnification: x 250

PLATE III

Fig. 33. Nereis singularis. Anterior end; magnification:
X 10

Fig. 34. Nereis singularis. Parapodium; magnification:
X27.5

Fig. 35. Nereis singularis. Seta; magnification: x 500

Fig. 36. Nereis singularis. Seta; magnification: x 500

Fig. 37. Nereis singularis. Seta; magnification: x 500

Fig. 38. Larva A. Anterior end; magnification: X 57

Fig. 39. Larva A. Seta; magnification: x 85

Fig. 40. Larva A. Pygidium; magnification: x 57

Fig. 41. Larva B. Anterior end; magnification: x 57

Fig. 42. Spionid larva. Anterior end; magnification: x 45

Fig. 43. Spionid larva. Seta; magnification: x 68

Fig. 44. Larva C. Anterior end; magnification: x 57

Fig. 45. Larva D. Anterior end; magnification: x 45

Fig. 46. "Chaetosphaera." Anterior end; magnifica-
tion: X 185

€%

55

I

to

CD

8

o

}—

<

s.

a

■z.

58

I

59

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

IV

THE MYSIDS

W. M. TATTERSALL

CONTENTS

Page
Introduction 63

Order Mysidacea 63

Suborder Mysida 63

Family Mysidae Dana 63

Subfamily Siriellinae, Norman 63

Genus Siriella, Dana 63

Siriella thompsonii (Milne-Ed.) ... 63

Siriella gracilis, Dana 65

65

65

65

65

66

66

66

66

66

66

66

Siriella nodosa, H. J. Hansen ....

Siriella vulgaris, H. J. Hansen . . .

Siriella media, H. J. Hansen ....

Siriella aequiremis, H. J. Hansen .

Siriella distinguenda, H.J. Hansen .
Genus Hemisriella, Hansen

Hemisiriella pulchra, H.J. Hansen .

Hemisiriella parva, H.J. Hansen . .

Subfamily Gastrosaccinae, Norman . . .

Genus Anchialina, Norman and Scott . .

Anchialina flemingi, n. sp

Page

Order Mysidacea--(concluded) 67

Subfamily Mysinae 67

Tribe Erythropini 67

Genus Euchaetomera, G. O. Sars .... 67

Euchaetomera glyphidophthalmica,

niig ? 67

Euchaetomera plebej a, H. J. Hansen . 67

Genus Euchaetoineropsis, Tattersall . . 67

Euchaetomeropsismerolepis (Illig) . 67

Tribe Leptomysini 67

Genus Doxomysis, Hansen 67

Doxomysis quadrispinosa (Illig) ... 67

Doxomysis sp. ? 68

Incertae cedis 68

Genus Carnegieomysis, nov 68

Type--Carnegieomysis xenops, n. sp 68

Carnegieomysis xenops, gen. and n. sp. ... 68

Literature cited 69

Figures 1-5 70

THE MYSIDS

INTRODUCTION

The Mysidacea from the plankton hauls made by the
Carnegie during the world cruise which, unfortunately,
had such a tragic termination in the harbor of Apia,
Western Samoa, in November 1929, were kindly submit-
ted to me for examination. The author is greatly indebt-
ed to Dr. J. A. Fleming, Director of the Department of
Terrestrial Magnetism, for the privilege of reporting on
this collection. It was not rich in species, nor in indi-
viduals, with the exception of Siriella thompsonii, but
contained examples of interesting and rare species.
Fifteen species are represented altogether, two of
which are new to science. One of these is a new species

of the genus Anchialina, and the other a single specimen
of a very curious and anomalous form, whose affinities
are for the moment obscure in the absence of male spec-
imens. The author has associated it with the ill-fated
vessel to which we owe its capture, in a new genus,
Carnegieomysis.

The geographical range of most of the species has
been extended by the work of the Carnegie. The author
has indicated under each species the known geographical
range, and the additions made to it by the present rec-
ords.

ORDER MYSIDACEA

Suborder MY SI DA

FAMILY MYSIDAE DANA

Subfamily SIRIELUNAE, Norman

Genus SIRIELLA, Dana

Siriella thompsonii (Milne-Edwards)
OCCURRENCE

Station

Latitude

Longitude

Depth

Date

Sample

Atlantic Ocean

o /

o /

1928

1- 2

37 DON

60 00 W

Surface

May 14

One male and one female

2

37 45 N

53 26 W

Surface

May 16

One female

18

29 47 N

40 36 W

Surface

Aug.l7

Ten juvenile

20-21

16 01 N

37 52 W

Surface

Aug.23

One juvenile

22

13 25 N

38 00 W

100 m

Aug.27

One juvenile

24

08 15 N

36 low

Surface

Aug.31

One juvenile

24

08 15 N

36 low

100 m

Aug. 31

One female, with eggs in the brood pouch

29

13 16 N

52 13 W

50 m

Sep. 13

One female, with eggs in the brood pouch

30

12 54 N

56 15 W

Surface

Sep. 15

One juvenile

Pacific Ocean

35-36

05 22 N

79 59 W

Surface

Oct. 27

One adult male, two immature

44

03 15 S

99 48 W

Surface

Nov. 17

One female with young in the brood pouch

49-50

26 27 S

115 21 W

Surface

Nov.28

Four adult males, three adult females with
young in the brood pouch, and four imma-
ture

One adult female with young in the brood

50-51

28 38 S

114 59 W

Surface

Nov.30

pouch, three immature females, four im-

mature females, and thirteen juveniles

50-51

28 38S

114 59 W

Surface

Nov.30

Three immature females, two immature
males and two juvenile

50-51

28 45 S

114 55 W

Surface

Nov.30

One adult female with young in the brood
pouch, two immature females, one imma-
ture male, and six juvenile

56

31 49 S

109 04 W

Surface

Dec. 18

One juvenile

61-62

37 34 S

93 35 W

Surface

Dec.28

One adult and one immature male, one imma-
ture female

62-63

32 25 S

89 49 W

Surface

Dec. 31

One juvenile

62-63

32 23 S

89 42 W

Surface

Dec. 31

Three adult and three immature males, five
adult and two immature females, five ju-
venile

63

64

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

Siriella thompsonii (Milne-Edwards)--Concluded

Station

Latitude

Longitude Depth

Date

Sample

63- 64
63- 64
63- 64
63- 64

63- 64
63- 64

63- 64
63- 64

63- 64
64
64

64- 65

64- 65

64- 65

64- 65

68

77

80

84

89- 90

96

101

106

108

131

132

133

134

134-135

134-135

136

138

140

141

142

142

144
145
146
147
147

32 05 S
32 03 S
32 01 S
32 00 S

31 58 S
31 SOS

31 51
31 52
31 54
31 54
31 54
31 52

31 52 8
31 52 S

31 31 S

21 28
14 20

12 39
17 11

17 04
06 47

13 23 N
16 14 N

18 26 N
33 49 N

31 38 N
29 21 N
27 45 N
26 44 N
26 44 N

26 13 N

22 53 N

23 26 N
29 02 N

32 42 N

32 42 N

33 38 N
33 27 N
31 51 N

27 27 N
27 27 N

88 58 W
88 55 W
88 54 W
88 52 W

88 50 W
88 22 W

88 21 W
88 20 W
88 18 W
88 17 W
88 17 W
87 51 W

Pacific Oc ean --Concluded
1929

Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface

Surface
Surface

Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
1000 m
Surface

87 46 W Surface Jan. 4

Jan. 1 One immature female and two juvenile

Jan. 1 One adult male and eleven juvenile

Jan. 2 One adult female and three juvenile

Jan. 2 One adult and one immature males, two adult

females, and one juvenile
Jan. 2 One adult female and one juvenile

Jan. 2 One adult and two immature males, four

adult and two immature females, and
twenty -nine juvenile
Jan. 3 One adult female and seven juvenile

Jan. 3 One adult male and twelve juvenile

Jan. 3 One adult female

Jan. 3 Six juvenile

Jan. 3 One juvenile

Jan. 3 About two hundred and fifty specimens, in-

cluding adults, and immature and juvenile
specimens of both sexes
Five adult males, five adult females, and
thirty-one juvenile
87 42 W Surface Jan. 4 Four adult males, four adult females, and

forty-three juvenile
86 57 W Surface Jan. 4 About fifty specimens including adults and

juveniles of both sexes
80 26 W Surface Jan. 10 One adult female

103 12 W Surface Feb.18 One immature female

117 22 W Surface Feb. 24 Seven juvenile

133 18 W 50 m Mar. 4 One juvenile

152 58 W Surface Mar 23 Nine juvenile

172 23 W Surface Apr. 26 One juvenile

177 27 E 100 m May 7 One adult and one immature male

151 04 E 50 m May 17 One adult male

144 01 E Surface May 27 One juvenile
126 20 W Surface Sep. 6 One juvenile

128 48 W 100 m Sep. 8 One immature female

132 30 W Surface Sep. 10 Three juvenile

135 22 W Surface Sep. 12 Three juvenile

138 27 W Surface Sep. 13 One adult female

138 27 W Surface Sep. 13 One adult female

142 02 W Surface Sep. 16 One juvenile

151 15 W 50 m Sep. 20 One immature male

159 27 W 50 m Oct. 3 One juvenile

161 11 W 50 m Oct. 5 One adult male and one adult female

160 44 W Surface Oct. 7 Two juvenile

160 44 W 100 m Oct. 7 One adult and one immature males, one adult

and one immature females
151 47 W Surface Oct. 11 One adult female and one immature male

145 30 W Surface Oct. 13 One immature male
140 50 W Surface Oct. 15 One adult female
138 14 W Surface Oct. 17 One juvenile

138 14 W Surface Oct. 17 One juvenile

RESULTS

These records definitely establish the fact that this
species is a pelagic, surface, oceanic, and mainly trop-
ical form. In both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans it was
not captured at any station north of latitude 40° north.
There were no stations south of latitude 40° south in
either ocean. It was particularly abundant between lati-
tudes 20° to 40° south and longitudes 80° to 100° west.
It was never taken in any of the townet hauls made in
any of the harbors and anchorages in the islands of the

Pacific, but always in the open sea away from land. Of
the above records, iorty-eight (or eighty per cent) were
from surface hauls, six from 50 m, five from 100 m,
and one only from 1000 m (the specimen, a very young
one, in all probability caught as the net was hauled to
the surface). These facts clearly show that S. thomp-
sonii frequents the upper 100 m of water and is mainly
a surface form.

THE MYSIDS

65

Siriella gracilis, Dana
OCCURRENCE

Station Latitude Longitude

Depth

Date

Sample

35-
35-

36
36
37

141
156

05 22 N

04 16 N

05 59 N

29 02 N
03 01 N

79 59 W
79 47 W
82 56 W

161 11 W
149 48 W

Surface
Surface
50 m

50 m
50 m

1928
Oct. 27
Oct. 28
Nov. 1

1929
Oct. 5
Nov. 4

One adult male and nine juvenile
One adult male and seven juvenile
One juvenile

One juvenile
One juvenile

REMARKS

It is interesting to note that no specimens of this
species occurred in the townet hauls made in the Atlan-
tic Ocean. This is in accordance with previous records
of its distribution.

Siriella nodosa, H. J. Hansen

S. nodosa, Hansen, 1910
S. nodosa, Colosi, 1918
S. nodosa, Colosi, 1920

OCCURRENCE

Moored in Guam Harbor, May 1929, surface townet,
8.10 to 9.50 p.m., light in net mouth, one female.

DISTRIBUTION

Hansen records this species from the Karkaralong
group of islands in the East Indian Archipelago, and
Colosi from the Torres Straits. The present station is
20° east of the Philippines.

Siriella vulgaris, H. J. Hansen

S. vulgaris, Hansen, 1910
S. vulgaris, Tattersall, 1922
S. vulgaris, Colosi, 1924
S. vulgaris, Tattersall, 1928

OCCURRENCE

Region of Samoa, April 1929, surface, two males and
two females. Moored in Guam Harbor, May 1929, sur-
face townet, 8.10 to 9.50 p.m., light in net mouth, four
males and one female.

DISTRIBUTION

The records of Hansen and Tattersall show that this
species is an inshore shallow-water form, found only in
the neighborhood of land. It has been recorded from nu-
merous stations in the East Indian Archipelago, Port
Blair in the Andaman Islands, and Flinders Island, North
Queensland. Colosi (1924) records the species from the
Arabian Sea without more precise definition of the local-
ity. The species is obviously widely distributed in the
tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans, in suit-
able shallow-water localities.

Siriella media, H. J. Hansen

S. media, Hansen, 1910
S. media, Hansen, 1912

OCCURRENCE

Moored in Guam Harbor, May 1929, surface townet,
8.10 to 9.50 p.m., light in net mouth, four males and two
females.

DISTRIBUTION

Hitherto known only from the East Indian Archipel-
ago and the Gilbert Islands. The present record, there-
fore, represents a considerable easterly and northerly
extension of its known range.

Siriella aequiremis, H. J. Hansen

S. aequiremis, Hansen, 1910
S. aequiremis, Tattersall, 1911
S. aequiremis, Hansen, 1912
S. aequiremis, Colosi, 1918
S. aequiremis, Colosi, 1920

OCCURRENCE

Between stations 35 and 36, latitude 05° 22' north,
longitude 79° 59' west, surface, October 27, 1928, one
immature male. Moored in Guam Harbor, May 1929,
surface townet, 8.10 to 9.50 p.m., light in net mouth, six
immature females.

REMARKS

No adult males are present in the collection. The
immature male from the first station noted above shows
the characteristic coloration of the species mentioned by
Hansen (1910), "abdomen with black lateral spots."

DISTRIBUTION

The records of Hansen, Tattersall, and Colosi show
this species to be widely distributed throughout the whole
of the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific oceans,
from the neighborhood of the Amirante Islands in the
western part of the Indian Ocean to stations off the coast
of Mexico and the Panama Isthmus. Like S. thompsonii
and S. gracilis, it is often an oceanic form, but is also
found nearer to land and even in the harbors of the Pa-
cific Islands.

66

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

Siriella distinguenda, H. J. Hansen

S. distinguenda, Hansen, 1910

OCCURRENCE

Region of Samoa, April 1929, surface, thirty adults
of both sexes.

DISTRIBUTION

This species has only been recorded once previous-
ly, by Hansen, from three stations in the East Indian Ar-
chipelago. The present record, therefore, indicates a
considerable extension eastward of its known distribu-
tion. It would appear to be a shallow -water and harbor
species.

Genus HENOSIRIELLA, Hansen, 1910
Hemisiriella pulchra, H. J. Hansen
H. pulchra, Hansen, 1910

OCCURRENCE

Region of Samoa, April 1929, surface, one male and
fourteen females.

Moored in Guam Harbor, May 1929, surface townet,
8.10 to 9.50 p.m., light in net mouth, one female.

DISTRIBUTION

This species has only been recorded once before,
namely by Hansen from six stations in the East Indian
Archipelago.

Hemisiriella parva, H. J. Hansen

H. parva, Hansen, 1910

H. parva, Colosi, 1918 and 1920

H. parva, Zimmer, 1918

H. parva, Tattersall, 1922

OCCURRENCE

Station 95, latitude 08° 43' south, longitude 170° 56'
west, 100 m, April 24, 1929, one immature male.

Station 100, latitude 08° 05' north, longitude 178° 48'
west, 50m, May 4, 1929, one immature male.

DISTRIBUTION

This species has been recorded from four stations
in the East Indian Archipelago (Hansen, 1910), Bay of
Bengal (Hansen, 1910), Java (Zimmer, 1918), Indian
Ocean (Colosi, 1918 and 1920) and the Andaman Islands
(Tattersall, 1922). The present records, therefore, ex-
tend its known range considerably eastward.

Subfamily GASTROSACCINAE, Norman

Genus ANCHIALINA, Norman and Scott

Anchialina flemingi, n. sp.

OCCURRENCE

Between stations 89 and 90, latitude 17° 04' south,
longitude 152° 58' west, surface, March 23, 1929, one
adult male.

Region of Samoa, April 1929, surface, two immature
specimens.

DESCRIPTION

Carapace, in the male, produced into a long triangu-
lar, acutely pointed rostral' plate extending forward as
far as the distal margin of the first joint of the antennu-
lar peduncle (fig. la, p. 72).

Eves small, about as broad as the antennular pedun-
cle, pigment light brown.

Antennular peduncle stout, third joint longer than the
second.

Antennal scale (fig. 2a, p. 72) small, not extending
very much beyond the distal end of the first joint of the
antennular peduncle and shorter than the second joint of
the antennal peduncle; twice as long as broad; outer mar-
gin entire, terminating in a short spine beyond which the
setose part of the scale is prolonged for about one quar-
ter of its length; terminal joint distinctly articulated;
antennal peduncle with the second joint large and stout,
longer than the antennal scale, and about twice as long
as broad.

First thoracic limbs (fig. 3a, p. 72) with the endopod
very stout, nail very long and stout, longer than the sixth
joint.

Second thoracic limbs (fig. 3b, p. 72) with the second
joint of the endopod massive, fifth joint expanded on its
inner margin to form almost a right-angled projection,
the margin between the projection and the sixth joint
with six or seven minute teeth; sixth joint not expanded;
nail long.

Pseudobranchial lamellae of the male pleopods not
bilobed, more or less triangular in shape with the inner
angle broadly rounded, outer angle more narrowly round-
ed and armed with a single seta.

Exopod of the third pair of pleopods of the male (fig.
3c, p. 72) at least one and a half times as long as the en-
dopod, nine-jointed, each joint with a seta on both the in-
ner and outer corner; last four setae on the outer margin
and the last three on the inner margin modified, much
shorter and stouter than the other setae, with minutely
hooked tips.

Sixth segment of the abdomen one and a half times as
long as the fifth.

Telson (fig. lb, p. 72) longer than the sixth segment
of the abdomen, three times as long as broad at the
base; cleft one sixth of the length of the telson in
depth, and armed on both margins with a closely set row
of saw-like teeth; lateral margins armed throughout their
length with about thirty-three spines arranged in groups

THE MYSIDS

67

of twos and threes, particularly toward the distal end;
terminal lobes of the telson armed with a single spine,
longer and stouter than any of the spines on the lateral
margins.

Endopod of the uropods (fig. 2b, p. 72) longer than
the telson; inner margin armed for at least four -fifths
of its length with a closely set row of spines, arranged
in groups of three or four smaller spines between much
larger spines; there are about seventeen of the larger
spines, the distal two of which are much longer and
stouter than the others and have no smaller spines be-
tween them.

Exopod of the uropods (fig. 2b, p. 72) a little shorter
and broader than the endopod, outer margin armed with
about twenty-three spines, gradually increasing in size
toward the distal end of the margin and not arranged in
groups.

Length of an adult male, 6 mm.

REMARKS

This species is distinguished from A. typlca, Kr,,
and A. truncata, Sars, by the produced and pointed ros-
tral plate. It differs, also, from A. obtusifrons, Hansen,
in having the rostral plate acutely pointed and not ob-
tusely rounded. In the character of the rostral plate, it
agrees with A. agilis, Sars. A, grossa, Hansen, and A.
penlcillata, Zimmer. From the last two species it is
distinguished by the form of the second thoracic limb of
the male, which is without the blunt process on the inner
margin of the fifth joint characteristic of A. grossa and
A. penlcillata. It also differs from these two species in
the much simpler and more normal exopod of the third
pleopod of the male. It is most closely allied toA. agilis,
Sars, and differs from it in the slightly different form of
the endopod of the second thoracic limb of the male and
in the details of the exopod of the third male pleopod.
No females occurred in the collection and the male type
lacked all the endopods of the third to the eighth thorac-
ic limbs.

The author takes pleasure in associating this species
with the name of the Director of the Department of Ter-
restrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington,
under whose auspices the Carnegie set out on her last
voyage of exploratory work.

Subfamily MYSINAE

Tribe ERYTHROPINI

Genus EUCHAETOMERA, G. O. Sars

Euchaetomera glyphidophthalmica, lUig. ?

E. glyphidophthalmica, lUig, 1906

E. glyphidophthalmica, Zimmer, 1914 and 1915

E. glyphidophthalmica, Colosi, 1929

E. glyphidophthalmica, Illig, 1930

OCCURRENCE

Station 28, latitude 13° 10' north, longitude 49° 36'
west, 50 m, September 11, 1928, one immature male.

DISTRIBUTION

This species is known principally by the records of
Zimmer (1914) and Illig (1930) from the tropical parts

of the Atlantic Ocean. It has been recorded doubtfully
from the Mediterranean by Zimmer (1915) and Colosi
(1929). The present record does not extend its known
geographical range appreciably.

Euchaetomera plebeja, H. J. Hansen
E. plebeja, Hansen, 1912

OCCURRENCE

Station 36, latitude 02° 54' north, longitude 80° 02'
west, 100 m, October 30, 1928, one adult male.

Station 66, latitude 27° 04' south, longitude 84° 01'
west, 100 m, January 7, 1929, one immature male.

DISTRIBUTION

This species has only been recorded once previous-
ly, by Hansen (1912) from two stations in the Eastern
Pacific. The present records are also from the Eastern
Pacific and extend the southern range of the species
somewhat, but not beyond the purely tropical regions of
these waters.

Genus EUCHAETOMEROPSIS, Tattersall

Euchaetomeropsis merolepis (Illig)

Euchaetomera merolepis, Illig, 1908
Euchaetomeropsis merolepis, Tattersall, 1909
Euchaetomeropsis merolepis, Zimmer, 1914
Euchaetomeropsis merolepis, Colosi, 1929
Euchaetomeropsis merolepis, Illig, 1930

OCCURRENCE

Station 128, latitude 40° 37' north, longitude 132° 23'
west, 100 m, July 25, 1929, one immature male.

DISTRIBUTION

This species has been previously recorded from the
Gulf of Guinea and four stations in the Indian Ocean (Il-
lig, 1908 and 1930), the Mediterranean (Tattersall, 1909
and Colosi, 1929), and the South Atlantic (Zimmer, 1914).
The present record is the first one from the Pacific
Ocean and extends the known geographical range of the
species by the full extent of that ocean.

Tribe LEPTOMYSINI

Genus DOXOMYSIS, Hansen, 1912

Doxomysis quadrispinosa (Illig)

Mysis quadrispinosa, Illig, 1906
Mysis quadrispinosa, Tattersall, 1911
Doxomysis pelaglca, Hansen, 1912
Doxomysis tattersalll, Colosi, 1920
Doxomysis quadrispinosa, Illig, 1930

OCCURRENCE

Station 38, latitude 03° 46' north, longitude 81'
west, 50 m, November 3, 1928, one adult male.

37'

68

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

DISTRIBUTION

This species is known from the tropical part of the
Indian Ocean (lUig and Tattersall) and from the Eastern
Pacific (Hansen and Colosi). The present specimens are
from the same waters as the latter records.

Doxomysis sp. ?
OCCURRENCE

Station 99, latitude 04° 22' north, longitude 176° 23'
west, 50 m. May 2, 1929, one damaged specimen.

REMARKS

This specimen is too damaged to identify with cer-
tainty. Like D. quadrispinosa it has the abdomen spinu-
lose and it may be a mutilated example of this species.

INCERTAE CEDIS

Genus CARNEGIEOMYSIS, nov.

DEFINITION

General form robust and gibbous, abdomen flexed.
Carapace large, covering the whole of the thorax in dor-
sal view, produced laterally and posteriorly to cover the
whole of the first and half of the second abdominal so-
mites, produced anteriorly into a large triangular ros-
tral plate with a blunt apex, which partially covers the
eyes. Eyes very large, pyriform in shape in lateral
view, the cornea divided by a distinct groove into a larg-
er ventral part with smaller facets and a smaller dorsal
part with larger facets. Antennal scale rather short and
narrow, setose all round, with a distal part marked off
by a distinct suture. Thoracic limbs with the endopods
rather slender, that of the first thoracic limbs with a
feeble masticatory lobe on the second joint only, those of
the third to the eighth thoraiic limbs with the sixth joint
undivided. Telson short, entire, spatulate in shape, apex
armed with a few short stout spines, lateral margins with
a few spines distally.

Type-Carnegieomysis xenops, n. sp.

REMARKS

The systematic position of this genus must remain
uncertain until male specimens are available for exami-
nation. The author anticipates that it will prove to be-
long to the Tribe Mysini, near to such genera as Aniso-
mysis, Idiomysis, and Lycomysis. It is a curious and
anomalous genus, recalling Idiomysis in its gibbous form
and abdominal flexure, but sharply distinguished from all
mysids known to the author by the large pyriform eyes
divided into dorsal and ventral parts by a groove. The
eyes resemble, in a general way, the eyes of some of the
Euphausiacea, such as Thysanoessa and Nematoscelis.
For the rest, the rather feeble and slender endopods of
the thoracic limbs, the undivided sixth joint of the endo-
pods of the third to the eighth thoracic limbs, and the en-
tire telson, together provide additional distinguishing
features by which the genus may be recognized. The
author is glad to associate this distinct form with the

name of the vessel to whose researches its capture is
due.

Carnegieomysis xenops, gen. and n. sp.
OCCURRENCE

Station 148, latitude 24° 57' north, longitude 137° 44'
west, 100 m, October 19, 1929, one adult female.

DESCRIPTION

General form (fig. 4, p. 72) gibbous with the abdomen
flexed ventrally; lateral parts of the abdominal somites
covered with very small spinules; similar spinules scat-
tered over other parts of the body, particularly on the
anterior end of the carapace.

Carapace relatively large, covering all the somites
of the thorax dorsally and produced laterally into a well-
marked wing partially covering the anterior abdominal
somites laterally; produced anteriorly into a broad
bluntly pointed rostral plate forming a hood partially
covering the large eyes dorsally and extending forward
to the level of the front of the eyes.

Eves (fig. 4, p. 72) very large, brown in color, pyri-
form in shape viewed laterally, divided into a small dor-
sal part with larger corneal facets and a large ventral
part with smaller facets, the two parts separated by a
groove broader posteriorly than anteriorly, and devoid
of facets and therefore of pigment. The cornea appears
to be pushed in as a more or less circular depression in
the region of the groove, the depression affecting the
lower part of the dorsal section and the upper part of the
ventral section of the eye.

Antennular peduncle with the second joint having a
well -developed, recurved finger-like process dorsally,
the process with two or three small setae at the apex.

Antennal scale (fig. 5a, p. 72) small and narrow,
barely extending beyond the antennular peduncle, eight
times as long as broad, a small distal segment marked
off by a distinct suture, setose all round.

Thoracic limbs . The general form and structure of
these limbs can best be seen from the figures (figs. 5b-
c, p. 72). The first thoracic limb (fig. 5b, p. 72) has a
small masticatory lobe on the second joint of the endo-
pod but none on the other joints. In the third to the
eighth pairs the sixth joint of the endopod is undivided
and armed with rather long plumose setae on the inner
margin. The nail is well developed in all the endopods
of the thoracic limbs. The basal joint of the exopod is
moderately expanded and has the outer distal corner
rounded, without a spine.

Abdominal somites . The sixth abdominal somite is
more than twice as long as the fifth.

Telson (fig. 5f, p. 72) a little shorter than the sixth
abdominal somite and narrower than this somite at the
base; about twice as long as broad at its base; lateral
margins rather abruptly narrowing for more than half
the leni^h of the telson and then diverging slightly to
form a spatulate distal part of the telson, ending in a
broadly rounded entire apex; the apex armed with five
quite short, rather stout spines more or less equidis-
tantly placed; lateral margins armed with three short
spines about the center of the margin just anterior to
the narrowest part of the telson.

Uropods about twice as long as the telson; inner and
outer uropods equal in length; inner uropod without any

THE MYSIDS

69

outer uropods equal in length; inner uropod without any
spines on the lower and inner margins.

Length of the type and only specimen, a female, 3
mm.

REMARKS

The exact systematic position of this species must
remain uncertain until male specimens are available for
examination as to the form of the pleopods. The author
thinks, from a comparison with known forms, that the
species will eventually find a place in the Tribe Mysini,
near to such pelagic genera as Anisomysls,Cryptomysis,
and Idiomysis. The most striking feature of the species
is the quite peculiar and unique character of the eyes.

The latter resemble, in a superficial manner at any
rate, the eyes of some of the Euphausians, such as
Nematoscelis, ThysanoCssa, or Stylocheiron, in having
the cornea divided into distinct dorsal and ventral parts.
In Carnegieomysis, however, the two parts are separat-
ed by a groove in which corneal elements are absent.
It is a type of eye which is developed in response to a
pelagic habit of life and is probably closely similar in
general structure, though even more developed than, the
eye of Euchaetomera and allied genera. There is no
other my Sid with which it can be confused in the charac-
ter of the eyes. Apart from the eyes, the most outstand-
ing characters are the form and size of the antennal
scale, and the shape and armature of the telson.

LITERATURE CITED

Colosi, G. 1918. Nota preliminare sui Misidacei rac-

colti dalla R. Nave Liguria nel 1903-1905. Bull.

Soc. Entom. Ital., vol. 44, 1917, pp. 1-11.
1920. Raccolte planctoniche fatte dalla R.

Nave Liguria, vol. 2, no. 9, Crostacei-Parte iv,

Misidacei, pp. 229-260.
1924. Euphausiacea e Mysidacea raccolti dalla

R. Nave Vettor Plsani nel 1882-1885. Ann. Mus.

Zool. R. Univ., Napoli, (N. S.), vol. 5, no. 7, p. 7,

9 text figs.
1929. I Misidacei del Golfo di Napoli. Pub.

Staz. Zool., Napoli, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 405-441.

Hansen, H. J. 1910. The Schizopoda of the Siboga Expe-
dition. Siboga Reports, vol. 37.

1912. The Schizopoda. Mem. Mus. Comp.

Zool., Harvard Univ., vol. 35, no. 4.

Illig, G. 1906. Bericht uber die neuen Schizopodengat-
tungen und-arten der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition
1898-1899. Zool. Anz., vol. 30, no. 7.

1908. Ein weiterer bericht uber die Mysiden

der Deutschen Tiefsee-Expedition 1898-1899. Zool.
Anz., vol. 32, no. 19.

1930. Die Schizopoden der Deutschen Tiefsee-
Expedition. Wissench. Ergeb. Deut. Tiefsee-Ex-

ped., vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 400-625, 215 text figs.
Tattersall, W. M. 1909. The Schizopoda collected by

the Maia and Puritan in the Mediterranean. Mitt.

Zool. Stat., Neapel, vol. 19.
1911. On the Mysidacea and Euphausiacea

collected in the Indian Ocean during 1905. Trans.

Linn. Soc, London, ser. 2, Zool., vol. 15, pp. 119-

136, pis. 6 and 7.
1922. Indian Mysidacea. Rec. Ind. Mus., vol.

24, pt. iv, pp. 445-504, 28 text figs.
1928. Further records of Australian Opossum

Shrimps (Mysidae). Rec. S. Australian Mus., vol.

4, no. 1, pp. 105-110.
Zimmer, C. 1914. Die Schizopoden der Deutschen Sud-

polar -Expedition 1901-1903. Deut. SOdpolar-Ex-

ped., 1901-1903, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 377-445, 4 pis.
1915. Schizopoden des Hamburger Natur-

historischen (ZoOlogischen) Museums. Mitt. Nat.

Mus., Hamburg, vol. 32, pp. 159-182.

1918. Neue und wenig bekannte Mysidaceen

des Berliner Zoologischen Museums. Mitt. Zool.
Mus., Berlin, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 13-26.

FIGURES 1 - 5

FIG. I- ANCHIALINA FLEMINGI , N.SP. A, ANTERIOR END OF A MALE; B,TELSON. MAGNIFICATION: X 32
FIG. 2- ANCHIALINA FLEMINGI . N.SP. A, ANTENNAE SCALE AND PEDUNCLE; B,UROPODS. MAGNIFICATION: X 70
FIG.3- ANCHIALINA FLEMINGI , N.SP A, ENDOPOD OF FIRST THORACIC LIMB; B, ENDOPOD OF SECOND
THORACIC LIMB OF MALE; C, EXOPOD OF THIRD PLEOPOD OF MALE. MAGNIFICATION: X 70
FIG.4- CARNEGIE0MYSIS XENOPS . N. GEN. AND N.SR A, FEMALE DORSAL VIEW; B, FEMALE LATERAL

VIEW. MAGNIFICATION: X 28
FIG. 5- CARNEGIEOMYSIS XENOPS . N. GEN. AND N.SR A, ANTENNAE SCALE; B, ENDOPOD OF FIRST THOR-
ACIC LIMB; C, ENDOPOD OF SECOND THORACIC LIMB; D, ENDOPOD OF THIRD THORACIC LIMB;
E; LAST THORACIC LIMB; F, TELSON. MAGNIFICATION: A-E,X36; F, X 130

72

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

THE ISOPODS

JAMES O. MALONEY

CONTENTS

Introduction
Systematic Discussion
Cirolanidae

Eurydice Leach

Eurydice truncata Norman
Idotheidae

Idothea Fabricius

Idothea baltica (Pallas)
Idothea emarginata (Fabricius)
Idothea metallica Bosc
Janiridae

Janira Leach

Janira minuta Richardson

THE ISOPODS

INTRODUCTION

The isopods taken during the last cruise of the Car-
negie, 1928-1929, are a well-known and widely distrib-
uted species, five in number, representing three fami-
lies and three genera. In these are included specimens
of Idothea metallica Bosc. It is interesting to note that
the only previous Pacific record for this species was
based on specimens from Japan; new records established
by the Carnegie are off Easter Island (station 53) and off

Chile (station 59). As a matter of convenience, refer-
ence has been made to the original descriptions and to a
paper in which each of the several species is adequate-
ly figured.

The author wishes to thank the Carnegie Institution
of Washington for the privilege of examining this collec-
tion.

SYSTEMATIC DISCUSSION

FAMILY CIROLANIDAE

Genus EURYDICE Leach

Eurydice truncata Norman

Eurydice truncata Norman, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4,
vol. 2, 1868, p. 421, pi. 23, figs. 12-15. Tattersall,
Isop.; Nord. Plankton, vol. 6 (Lief. 14), 1911, p. 214,
figs. 72-79.

OCCURRENCE

Off Ireland, between stations 6 and 7, 50° 00' north,
12° 00' west, three specimens. Off Ireland, between
stations 6 and 7, 50° 00' north, 11° 00' west, eight spec-
imens.

DISTRIBUTION
West coast of Europe and the Mediterranean.

FAMILY IDOTHEIDAE

Genus IDOTHEA Fabricius

Idothea baltica (Pallas)

Idothea baltica Pallas, Spic. Zool. (9), 1772, pp. 67-78,
pi. IV, fig. 6. Richardson, Bull. 59, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
1905, pp. 364-365, 3 figs.

OCCURRENCE

Off Ireland, between stations 6 and 7, 50° 00' north,
10° 00' west, forty specimens.

DISTRIBUTION
Widely distributed in Atlantic and adjacent waters.

Idothea emarginata (Fabricius)

Idothea emarginata Fabricius, Ent. Syst. ii, 1793, p. 508.
Sars, Crust. Norway, vol. II, 1899, pp. 81-82, pi. 33.

10'

OCCURRENCE

Off Ireland, between stations 6 and 7, 50° 00' north,
00' west, ten specimens.

Idothea metallica Bosc

Idothea metallica Bosc, Hist. Nat. Crust., II, 1802, p.
179, pi. XV, fig. 6. Richardson, Bull. 54, U. S. Nat.
Mus., 1905, pp. 362-363, 3 figs.

OCCURRENCE

Off Ireland, between stations 6 and 7, 50° 00' north,
10° 00' west, four specimens. Off Ireland, station 6,
50° 22' north, 13° 31' west, seven specimens. Off East-
er Island, station 53, 29° 06' south, 108° 44' west, one
specimen. Mid-North Atlantic, station 2, 39° 06' north,
45° 41' west, one specimen. Off Chile, station 59, 39°
51' south, 101° 04' west, one specimen. Off Japan, be-
tween stations 115 and 116, 38° 22' north, 147° 20' east,
three specimens.

DISTRIBUTION

Cosmopolitan.

FAMILY JANIRIDAE

Genus JANIRA Leach

Janira minuta Richardson

Janira minuta Richardson, Trans. Conn. Acad. Sci., vol.
XI, 1902, p. 297, pi. XXXIX, figs. 50-52. Bull. 54,
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1905, pp. 471-472, 3 figs.

OCCURRENCE

Mid-North Atlantic, between stations 1 and 2, 37° 53'
north, 52° 46' west, one specimen. Mid-North Atlantic,
between stations 13 and 14, 42° 10' north, 47° 19' west,
four specimens. Caribbean Sea, station 34, 11° 18'
north, 78° 34' west, one specimen.

DISTRIBUTION
New England coast and Bermudas.

REMARKS

Two specimens, the one from station 34 and the

other from between stations 1 and 2, are identified with

this species with some hesitation because of their very

small size and the fact that many of the appendages are

I missing.

75

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

VI

THE HALOBATES

HARRY G. BARBER

CONTENTS

Page

Introduction 79

Key to the Three Species 79

Discussion 79

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz 79

Halobates micans Eschscholtz 80

Halobates splendens Witlaczil 80

References 81

Figures 1-3 83

THE HALOBATES

INTRODUCTION

The only truly pelagic insects known belong to the
genus Halobates placed in the family Gerridae, subfam-
ily Halobatinae. Like all their congenors they are gre-
garious, adapted to skim very rapidly over the surface
of the water, and are carnivorous, feeding on both liv-
ing and dead animals.

Over twenty species of the genus have been de-
scribed. Some of them, such as H. micans Esch. and H.
sericeus Esch., are widely spread oceanic forms where
as most of the others, according to the records, occur
not far from land areas or are restricted to definite
seas or oceanic coastal regions or small bodies and
streams of salt water. Apparently they are rarely or
never found in fresh water. The best single account of
this group is that of F. Buchanan White in "The report
on the pelagic Hemiptera procured during the voyage of
H.M.S. ChaUenger in the years 1873-1876," published in
1883. Besides a detailed description with figures of the
ten known species, considerable space is devoted to a
general consideration of their structure with a few ob-
servations on their habits and geographical distribution.
Since the publication of this report, the number of spe-
cies has been more than doubled and considerable added
to our knowledge of their habits and life history by var-
ious scientists, notably William Lundbeck (1914), H. C.
Delsman (1926), Fred C. Hadden (1931), and G. M. Henry
(1932).

The genus Halobates was established in 1822 by J.
Friederich Eschscholtz in Entomographien I, p. 106. A
rather free translation of the salient factors of his char-
acterization is as follows: The head is broad. Eyes
large. Ocelli missing. Rostrum three-jointed. The
four -jointed antennae attached before the eyes; first
joint the longest. Pronotum very short, ring-formed.
Apterous. Abdomen very short. Fore legs very short,
with thickened femora; the tibiae cylindrical and equal to
the femora in length, provided inwardly with a project-
ing hook-like process; the tarsi composed of two rather
long, thick joints; the second joint provided with two
curved hooks. Middle legs two or three times as long as
the body; femora very long, cylindrical; tibiae thinner
and about one-half the length of femora; tarsi two-
jointed, the first segment a little shorter than tibiae and
usually bent, the apical joint short, fine, and provided
with several long hairs. Hind legs joined to the body
above the middle legs, about one-third shorter than the

latter, with longer coxal joints; finer tibiae and tarsi;
the second joint of the latter is acutely pointed and long
haired. The body is covered with very fine silver -
colored scales. The legs are usually black. These ani-
mals leap over the surface of the ocean and live only in
or near the tropics.

For distinguishing the various species the chief
characters in use are the size of the anterior femora,
the relative lengths of the segments of the antennae, of
the legs, and particularly of the tarsal segments, as well
as the character of the male genital segment. In sever-
al species the shape of the body, as well as the color, is
quite characteristic.

One hundred and thirty-six specimens of Halobates
were collected on the voyage of the Carnegie. Of these,
seventy-six were adults and sixty were nymphs or
nymphal skins. Only three species are represented: H.
micans Esch. (=wullerstorffi Frauen.), H. sericeus
Esch., and H. splendens Witl. The first two of these are
the most common and widely distributed pelagic species
of the genus.

KEY TO THE THREE SPECIES OF HALOBATES

1. Fore femora and antennae black, never steel blue.

Second and third segments of antennae together sub-
equal to fourth, third segment but little if any
longer than second. Anterior tarsus with the ter-
minal segment about twice as long as basal; tarsus
of intermediate legs with the basal segment about
seven times as long as terminal; tarsus of hind
legs with terminal segment one-third as long as

basal sericeus Esch.

Fore femora, antennae in part, and often the other
legs steel blue. Terminal segment of fore tarsus
not twice as long as basal 2

2. Anterior tarsus with the terminal segment one-fourth

to one-fifth longer than basal. Tarsus of intermedi-
ate legs with the basal segment 4 to 5 times as long
as the terminal one; posterior femur one-third to

one-fourth longer than tibia micans Esch.

Anterior tarsus with the two segments subequal. Tar-
sus of intermediate legs with the basal segment 6 to
7 times as long as the terminal one; posterior femur
one-eighth longer than tibia splendens Witl.

DISCUSSION

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz
Figure 1 (A)

Body not at all parallel sided; ovate, widest across
the middle of the mesonotum. Color ash-gray or prui-
nose above and below, with anterior ventral segments
often embrowned; legs and antennae black, never steel
blue. Antennae two-fifths shorter than body; first seg-
ment not nearly twice as long as second but plainly long-
er than second and third united; third segment nearly
equal to second and much shorter than fourth. Anterior
femur about one-sixth longer than tibia and the latter

two-fifths longer than tarsus. Anterior femur, seen
from the side, at the widest point, about one-fourth as
wide as long; the basal segment of the anterior tarsus
one-half the length of the terminal one. Intermediate
legs with the femur twice as long as the tibia, and the
latter subequal to the tarsus in length; basal segment of
the tarsus 6 to 7 times as long as the terminal. Poste-
rior legs with femur over one-third longer than tibia,
the latter just over three times as long as tarsus.
Length 3 mm, diameter 1.75 to 2 mm.

Most of the specimens taken in the Pacific Ocean
belong to this widely spread species. The numerous

79

80

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

stations at which this species was taken show an ex-
treme range from latitudes 34° 06' north to 31° 28'
south. A copy of the record of its capture is as follows:

Latitude

Longitude

Latitude

Longitude

o ,

09 06 S

o 1

108 20 W

/

19 06 S

114 07 W

23 16 S

114 45 W

26 27 S

115 21 W

29 06 S

114 48 W

31 28 S

112 51 W

15 18 S

97 28 W

14 52 S

126 07 W

17 04 S

129 45 W

17 00 S

129 45 W

17 11 S

133 18 W

16 25 N

171 59 E

19 19 N

166 23 E

20 12 N

161 19 E

16 14 N

151 04 E

29 21 N

132 30 W

26 44 N

138 27 W

26 39 N

139 07 W

26 13 N

142 02 W

24 02 N

145 33 W

22 53 N

151 15 W

23 26 N

159 27 W

29 02 N

161 11 W

29 02 N

161 11 W

34 06 N

157 09 W

33 38 N

151 47 W

21 18 N

138 36 W

21 18 N

138 36 W

16 15 N

137 06 W

12 40 N

137 32 W

Halobates micans Eschscholtz

Figure 1 (B)

=H. wullerstorffi Frauenfeld 1867

Body not parallel sided, widest just behind the mid-
dle of the mesonotum. Color grayish-blue with metallic
reflection above, ash-gray below; at least the basal seg-
ment of the antennae, the anterior femora and often the
femora of other legs, and the genital segment of the
male, steel blue. Antennae just over one-half as long as
the body; first segment over twice as long as second and
plainly longer than second and third united; third seg-
ment but slightly shorter than second and much shorter
than fourth. Anterior femora about one-seventh longer
than tibia, the latter a little longer than tarsus; basal
segment of tarsus about one -fourth to one -fifth shorter
than terminal one; anterior femur, seen from the side,
about one-fourth to one-fifth as wide as long. Interme-
diate legs with the femur not twice as long as tibia, the
latter subequal to length of tarsus; basal segment of the
tarsus about three and a half to four times as long as

terminal one. Posterior legs with the femur about one-
third longer than tibia; the latter three to four times as
long as the tarsus. Length 3.5 to 4.5 mm, diameter 2.3
to 2.5 mm.

This widely distributed species occurs in the warm-
er parts of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. A cast
skin was obtained in the Caribbean Sea at latitude 15° 18'
north, longitude 68° 11' west; a nymph was taken near
the Galapagos Islands at latitude 03° 15' south, longitude
99° 48' west; another adult just a little north of the Fiji
Islands at latitude 14° 41' south, longitude 167° 41' west.
A little north of the Sicily Islands three nymphs were
taken which apparently belong to this species- -two at
latitude 01° 48' south, longitude 152° 22' west, and one
at latitude 04° 51' north, longitude 146° 46' west.

Halobates splendens Witlaczil
Figure 1(C)

Body not parallel sided, widest across middle of the
mesonotum. Color above blackish-blue, beneath ash-
gray; antennae, legs, and terminal male genital segment
steel blue. First segment of antennae nearly as long as
the other three segments united and at least three times
as long as second segment; third segment slightly short-
er than second and nearly one-half as long as the fourth.
Anterior femora scarcely longer than the tibia, the lat-
ter about one-fourth longer than tarsus; basal segment
of tarsus subequal to terminal one or a little shorter;
anterior femur, seen from the side, one-fourth as wide
as long. Intermediate legs with the femur not twice as
long as tibia (13:7.5); the latter subequal to length of
tarsus; basal segment of the tarsus about five and one-
half to six times the length of the terminal one. Poste-
rior legs with the femur only one-eighth longer than
the tibia; the latter almost three times as long as tar-
sus. Length 4.66 to 5.33 mm, diameter 2.5 mm.

This species is closely related to micans Esch.with
the same steel-blue appendages but the different rela-
tive lengths of the tarsal segments will differentiate it.
Witlaczil described this from the west coast of America
between the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. The
Carnegie plankton collection contains an adult and ten
nymphs collected in the same region--latitude 09° 58'
south and longitude 82° 10' west.

THE HALOBATES 81

REFERENCES

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz

1822 Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz. Entomographien I, p. 108, pi. II, fig. 4

1835 Halobates sericeus Burmeister. Handb. Entomol. II, p. 209

1840 Halobates sericeus Blanchard. Hist. Nat. Ins. Ill, p. 98

1843 Halobates sericeus Amyot et Serville. Hist. Nat. Ins. Hem., p. 412

1847 Halobates sericeus Herrich-Schaeffer. Wanz. Ins. VIII, p. 110, figs. 880 and 881

1883 Halobates sericeus F. B. White. Challenger Rept. VII, p. 47, pi. I, fig. 7

1886 Halobates sericeus Witlaczil. Wien. Entomol. Ztschr. V, p. 182

1893 Halobates sericeus Dahl. Ergebn. der Plankton-Exped. der Humboldt -Stiftung II, p. 7

1919 Halobates sericeus Hungerford. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. XI, p. 116

1923 Halobates sericeus Bryan. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. V, p. 283

1924 Halobates sericeus Esaki. Psyche, XXXI, p. 116

1931 Halobates sericeus Hadden. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. VH, pp. 457-459, fig.

Halobates micans Eschscholtz

1822 Halobates micans Eschscholtz. Entomographien I, p. 107, pi. II, fig. 3

1823 Halobates micans Eschscholtz. Naturwiss. Abhandl. aus Dorpat 163, pi. II, fig. 3
1835 Halobates micans Burmeister. Handb. Entomol. II, p. 208

1840 Halobates micans Blanchard. Hist. Nat. Insectes, HI, p. 98

1847 Halobates micans Herrich-Schaeffer. Wanz. Ins. VIII, p. 110

1867 Halobates micans Frauenfeld. Verhandl. Kaiserl. Konigl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien. XVII, p. 458,

pi. XII, fig. 5
1867 Halobates wullerstorffi Frauenfeld. Verhandl. Kaiserl. Konigl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. Wien XVII, p.

458, pi. XII, figs. 1 and 2
1883 Halobates wflllerstorffi F. B. White. Challenger Rept. VII, p. 40, pi. I, fig. 1
1883 Halobates micans F. B. White. Challenger Rept. VII, p. 43, pi. I, fig. 2
1886 Halobates wullerstorffi Witlaczil. Wien Entomol. Ztschr. V, p. 181
1886 Halobates micans Witlaczil. Wien Entomol. Ztschr. V, p. 231
1893 Halobates micans Dahl. Ergebn. der Plankton-Exped. der Humboldt-Stiftung II, p. 4, figs. 1, 2, 3,

and 6
1903 Halobates micans Distant. Fn. Brit. Ind. Rhynch. II, p. 187
1911 Halobates micans Torre-Bueno. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. XXXVII, p. 251
1914 Halobates micans Barber. BuU. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. XXXIII, p. 499
1919 Halobates micans Hungerford. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. XI, p. 116
1923 Halobates wullerstorffi Bryan. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. V, p. 283
1926 Halobates micans Esaki. Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. XXIH, p. 130

Halobates splendens Witlaczil
1886 Halobates splendens Witlaczil. Wien. Entomol. Ztschr. V, p. 178, fig. 1

FIGURES 1(A), 1(B), AND 1(C)

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CD
O

Hind leg

Hind leg

CE
O

_l

<:

X

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IXI

o

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X

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m
o

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X

U1

84

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

VII
LIST OF BIRDS
ALEXANDER WETMORE

CONTENTS

Page
Specimens from Reykjavik, Iceland 87

Specimens from Guam 88

LIST OF BIRDS

In making plans for this cruise Captain J. P. Ault,
because of his interest in various fields of science, of-
fered to collect birds for the United States National Mu-
seum on those rare occasions when a day ashore in a
suitable place might afford opportunity. Two sm^ll lots
of specimens have come from this work; one from Rey-
kjavik, Iceland, obtained on July 24, 1928, and another
from the Island of Guam, in the Marianas Islands, se-
cured May 22, 1929. With the latter there is included
one noddy tern obtained at sea, west of the New Hebri-
des, March 29, 1929. These specimens, preserved in
alcohol, are a valuable and useful addition to the Nation-
al collections.

To complete the record they are listed here, divid-
ed under the two main regions from which they were ob-
tained.

SPECIMENS FROM REYKJAVIK, ICELAND

(Taken July 24, 1928)

FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE

Phalacrocorax carbo carbo, (Linnaeus): Cormorant

One, U. S. N. M. no. 292,350 (collector's no. 12).

FAMILY HAEMATOPODIDAE

Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus: Oyster -catcher

Two, U.S.N.M. nos. 292,354 and 292, 355 (collec-
tor's nos. 2 and 3). The form of Iceland is supposed to
be intermediate in characters between the typical race
ostralegus and H. o. occidentalis of the British Isles.

FAMILY CHARADRIIDAE

Pluvialls apricaria altifrons Brehm:
Northern Golden Plover

One, U.S.N.M. no. 292,353 (collector's no. 10).

FAMILY SCOLOPACIDAE

Arquatella maritima maritima (Briinnich):
Purple Sandpiper

Two, U.S.N.M. nos. 292,351 and 292,352 (collec-
tor's nos. 6 and 7).

FAMILY LARIDAE

Sterna macrura Naumann: Arctic Tern

Two adults, U.S.N.M. nos. 292,356 and 292,357
(collector s nos. 4 and 5); one juvenile, U.S.N.M. no.
292,358, without collector's number. The proper scien-
tific name for the arctic tern is as given above, since the
current Sterna paradisaea of Briinnich (1764) is preoc-
cupied by Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan (1763) which
cannot be identified from the description.

FAMILY ALCIDAE

Cepphus grylle grylle (Linnaeus):
Black Guillemot

One, U.S.N.M. no. 292, 349 (collector's no. 11).

Fratercula arcttca arctica (Linnaeus):
Northern Puffin

Five specimens were collected, U.S.N.M. nos.
292,344 and 292,348 (collector's nos. 1, 13-16).

FAMILY .TURDIDAE

Genanthe oenanthe leucorhoa (Gmelin):
Greenland Wheatear

Two, U.S.N.M. nos. 292,359 and 292,360 (collec-
tor's nos. 8 and 9.

SPECIMENS FROM GUAM

(Taken May 22, 1929)

With the exception of the fairy tern, and the noddy
tern secured west of the New Hebrides, these are resi-
dent forms that are not known certainly outside of the
Mariana Islands, and in some cases are restricted to
Guam alone.

FAMILY ARDEIDAE

Ixobrychus sinensis bryani (Seale):
Marianne Bittern. "Kakkak"

Oije specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 318,050 (collector's
no. 30). Whether the form of the Pelew Islands is the
same as that of Guam is not certainly known.

FAMILY LARIDAE

Anous stolidus pileatus (Scopoli): Pacific Noddy

One specimen collected at latitude 15° 06' south,
longitude 163° 59' west, March 29, 1929, by Captain J. P.
Ault; U.S.N.M. no. 318,048 (collector's no. 18).

Gygis alba Candida (Gmelin):
White Tern, Fairy Tern. "Chungi"

One specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 318,049 (collector's
no. 26).

FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

Gallicolumba xanthonura (Temminck):
White-headed Pigeon. "Apaka"

One specimen, U.S.N.M. no. 318,047 (collector's
no. 25).

87

88

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

FAMILY ALCEDINIDAE

Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina Swainson:
Guam Kingfisher. "SIhig" or "Carpintero"

Two specimens, U.S. N.M. nos. 318,051 and 318,052
(collector's nos. 23 and 24).

FAMILY CORVIDAE

Corvus kubaryl Reichenow. Kubary's Crow:
"Aga" or "Cuervo"

One specimen, U.S.N. M. no. 318,061 (collector's
no. 19). Recorded questionably from the Pelew Islands
also.

FAMILY MUSCICAPIDAE

Rhlpidura ruflfrons oraniae Oustalet:
Guam Fan-tailed Fly-catcher. "Chichirika"

Two specimens, U.S.N. M. nos. 318,055 and 318,056
(collector's nos. 21 and 22).

FAMILY STURNIDAE

Aplonis opaca guami Momiyama:
Guam Glossy Starling. "Sali" or "Tordo"

Four specimens, U. S.N. M. nos. 318,057-318,060
(collector's nos. 27, 29, 31, and 37).

FAMILY ZOSTEROPIDAE

Zosterops conspicillata conspicillata (Kittlitz):
Guam White-fronted Silver -eye. "Nossak"

Two specimens, U.S. N.M. nos. 318,053 and318,054
(collector's nos. 20 and 28).

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

VIII

MISCELLANEOUS DETERMINATIONS

CONTENTS

The Sponge M. W. de Laubenfels

The Echinoderms Austin H. Clark

The Insects and Mites E. A. Chapin and Others

The Pyrosomids Hoyt S. Hopkins

The Lizard Doris M. Cochran

THE SPONGE

The sponge specimen (contained in bottle 8165)
which was collected in April 1929 on the reef at Apia,
Samoa by the Carnegie party belongs to a very common
genus, usually called Reniera or Challna. Both names
were given in 1862, the former by O. Schmidt and the
latter by Bowerbank. A previous name is Haliclona
Grant 1841, but no one has used this name since, so far

as the author knows, unless very recently. The species
is very close to the cosmopolitan cinerea Grant 1827,
and may be so identified. It is, then, either Haliclona
cinerea (Grant) new combination or Reniera cinerea
(Grant) Schmidt. The decorous procedure would seem
to be to use the latter name.

THE ECHINODERMS

The Curator of Echinoderms of the Smithsonian In-
stitution (Austin H. Clark) identified the echinoderms
collected as follows:

ASTEROIDEA

Oreaster, sp. Reef, Apia, Samoa, April 1929, one
very young specimen.

Linckia multifora (Lamarck). Reef, Apia, Samoa,
April 1929, one specimen.

Linckia multifora (Lamarck) Luminao Reef, Guam,
May 1929, sample 563, one specimen.

OPHIUROIDEA

Ophiacantha bidentata (Retzius). August 2, 1928,
latitude 46° 06' north, longitude 48° 01' west, station 13,
one specimen.

Ophiopholis aculeata (L.). August 2, 1928, latitude

46° 06' north, longitude 48° 01' west, station 13, one
specimen.

Ophiocoma erinaceus Muller and Troschel. Reef,
Apia, Samoa, April 1929, two specimens.

Ophiarthrum elegans Peters. Reef, Apia, Samoa,
April 1929, one specimen.

Ophiothrix propinqua Lyman. Reef, Apia, Samoa,
April 1929, one specimen.

ECHINOIDEA

Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). Luminao Reef,
Guam, May 1929, pne specimen.

Echinometra mathaei (de Blainville). Reef, Apia,
Samoa, April 1929, four specimens.

Echinarachnius parma (Lamarck). August 2, 1928,
latitude 46° 06' north, longitude 48° 01' west, station 13,
one specimen.

THE INSECTS AND MITES

The following is a list of identifications giving the
names for the various insects and mites so far as they
have been recognized.

Staphylinidae - Aleocharinae? January 3, 1929, lati-
tude 31° 54' south, longitude 88° 17' west, station 64.
Determined by E. A. Chapin.

One broken and mouldy specimen of a minute Cara-
bid, apparently Tachys sp. February 26, 1929, latitude
13° 03' south, longitude 121° 12' west, station 81. Deter-
mined by L. L. Buchanan.

Coninomus constrictus Gyll. (Family Lathridiidae)
Coleoptera. July 13, 1928, latitude 63° 21' north, longi-
tude 09° 25' west, station7. Determined by W. S. Fisher.

Hydroporinae. December 7, 1928, Katiki Volcano
Crater Lake, Easter Island, between stations 53 and 54.
Determined by A. G. Boving.

Cynthia (=Vanessa) cardui L. May 31, 1928, latitude
50° 22' north, longitude 13° 31' west, station 6. Deter-
mined by F. H. Benjamin.

Plusia gamma L. June 3, 1928, latitude 50° 02' north,
longitude 12° 05' west, between stations 6 and 7. Deter-
mined by F. H. Benjamin.

Plutella Maculioennis Curtis. May 31, 1928, lati-
tude 50° 22' north, "longitude 13° 31' west, station 6. De-
termined by August Busck.

Hydrellia griseola Fall. One specimen. Common in

Europe and North America. Jime 3, 1928, latitude 50°
02' north, longitude 12° 05' west, between stations 6 and
7. Determined by J. M. Aldrich.

Napomyza nigriceps Vdw. One specimen. European.
June 3, 1928, latitude 50° 02' north, longitude 12° 05'
west, between stations 6 and 7. Determined by J. M.
Aldrich.

Drosophila sp. Too poor condition to ascertain the
species. One specimen. October 26, 1928, latitude 06°
33' north, longitude 80° 04' west, station 35. Deter-
mined by J. M. Aldrich.

Unrecognizable fragment of fly. One specimen. May
31, 1928, latitude 50° 00' north, longitude 13° 02' west,
between stations 6 and 7. Determined by J. M. Aldrich.

Culex. Twelve specimens. December 7, 1928,
Easter Island between stations 35 and 36. Determined
by Alan Stone.

Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Larvae. Eighteen
specimens. December 7, 1928, Easter Island between
stations 35 and 36. Determined by Alan Stone.

A predaceous mite of family Parasitidae. April 22,
1929, latitude 12° 47' south, longitude 171° 35' west,
station 94. Determined by H. E. Ewing.

Anisolabis aimulipes Lucas. ? January 7, 1929, lat-
itude 27° 04' south, longitude 84° 01' west, station 66.
Determined by A. N. Caudell.

91

92

BIOLOGICAL RESULTS OF LAST CRUISE OF CARNEGIE

Blattella germanica Linn. A minute nymph. Novem-
ber 8, 1929, latitude 06° 33' south, longitude 154° 58'
west, station 158. Determined by A. N. Caudell.

European Chrysopidae. May 31, 1928, latitude 50°
22' north, longitude 13° 31' west, station 6. Determined
by A. N. Caudell.

Cryptotermes sp. One dealated adult. February 6,
1929, latitude 11° 57' south, longitude 78° 37' west, sta-
tion 71. Determined by T. E. Snyder.

Collembolan. Entomobrya sp. November 13, 1929,
latitude 10° 54' south, longitude 161° 53' west, station
160. Determined by J. W. Folsom.

Halobates micans Esch. November 17, 1928, lati-
tude 03° 15' south, longitude 99° 48' west, station 44.
March 31, 1929, latitude 14° 41' south, longitude 167° 41'
west, station 93. November 6, 1929, latitude 01° 48'
south, longitude 152° 22' west, station 157. October 5,
1928, latitude 15° 18' north, longitude 68° 11' west, sta-
tion 32. November 2, 1929, latitude 04° 51' north, longi-
tude 146° 46' west, station 155. Determined by H. G.
Barber.

Halobates splendens Witl. February 8, 1929, lati-
tude 09° 58' south, longitude 82° 10' west, station 72.
Determined by H. G. Barber.

Xyleborus sp. January 5, 1929, latitude 31° 07' south,
longitude 86° 39' west, station 65. Determined by M. W.
Blackman.

Neoxyloctonus sp. April 2, 1929, latitude 12° 47'
south, longitude 171° 35' west, Samoa. Determined by
M. W. Blackman.

Halobates sericeus Eschscholtz

Date

Latitude

Longitude

Station

Nov.

25

1928

19 07 S

114 07 W

48

27

1928

23 16 S

114 45 W

49

Feb.

28

1929

14 52 S

126 07 W

82

Mar.

2

1929

17 00 S

129 45 W

83

4

1929

17 11 S

133 18 W

84

May

9

1929

16 25 N

171 59 E

102

11

1929

19 19 N

166 23 E

103

13

1929

20 12 N

161 19 E

104

17

1929

16 14 N

151 04 E

106

Sep.

10

1929

29 21 N

132 30 W

133

14

1929

26 39 N

139 07 W

135

16

1929

26 13 N

142 02 W

136

18

1929

24 02 N

145 33 W

137

20

1929

22 53 N

151 15 W

138

Oct.

3

1929

23 27 N

159 27 W

140

5

1929

29 02 N

161 11 W

141

9

1929

34 06 N

157 09 W

143

11

1929

33 38 N

151 47 W

144

21

1929

21 18 N

138 36 W

149

Sep.

13

1929

26 44 N

138 27 W

134-135

Nov.

21

1928

09 06 S

108 20 W

46

Dec.

3

1928

31 28 S

112 51 W

52

Oct.

21

1929

21 18 N

138 36 W

149

Sep.

20

1929

22 53 N

151 15 W

138

Oct.

5

1929

29 02 N

161 11 W

141

23

1929

16 15 N

137 06 W

150

25

1929

12 40 N

137 32 W

151

Feb.

16

1929

15 18 S

97 28 W

76

Mar.

2

1929

17 00 S

129 45 W

83

4

1929

17 11 S

133 18 W

84

Nov.

29

1928

26 27 S

115 21 W

50

Dec.

1

1928

29 06 S

114 48 W

51

Determined by H. G. Barber.

THE PYROSOMIDS

Dr. Hoyt S. Hopkins, of New York University, kind-
ly determined the Pyrosomids collected.

January 3, 1929, latitude 31° 54' south, longitude
88° 17' west, station 64, sample 397. Pyrosoma spin-
osum Herdman. Two, or more (?) incomplete colonies.
Represented by one tubular part of a colony, broken at
each end; length 50 cm; diameter of tube (flattened), 6
cm at wider end, 5 cm at narrower end, tapering uni-
formly. Also, another fragment, not tubular but torn
open, of about 60 cm length; and two short tubular parts,
apparently belonging to this same colony, having a di-
ameter of about 11 cm. The largest ascidiozooids are
7 mm long, and have 20 to 25 branchial crossbars; tes-
tes immature; ovaries not seen, probably not developed.

June 29, 1929, latitude 37° 40' north, longitude 145°
26' east, station 115, sample 694. Pyrosoma sp. An im-
mature colony, of 12 ascidiozooids; belonging to the sub-
genus Pyrosomata ambulata, but too young to be identi-
fied as to species. Length of colony 3 to 4 mm, diame-
ter 2 to 3 mm.

April 24, 1929, latitude 08° 43' south, longitude 170°

56' west, station 95, sample 564. Pyrosoma sp. A pri-
mary zooid colony of two primary ascidiozooids, the
two other primary zooids (of the "tetrazooid colony")
having degenerated, as shown by the persistence of two
extra pairs of test vessels near the colony opening.
Colony nearly spherical, about 2 mm in diameter. Be-
longs to the subgenus Pyrosomata ambulata, but is not
identifiable as to species.

October 3, 1929, latitude 23° 27' north, longitude
159° 27' west, station 140, sample 858. Pyrosoma sp.
An immature colony, of 12 ascidiozooids, and four buds
forming on primary ascidiozooids. Colony nearly spher-
ical, 3 to 4 mm in diameter. Belongs to the subgenus
Pyrosomata ambulata, but is too young to be identified
as to species.

September 15, 1928, latitude 12° 54' north, longitude
56° 15' west, station 30, sample 190. Pyrosoma sp. A
primary zooid colony of three primary ascidiozooids.
Colony nearly spherical, about 2 mm in diameter. Be-
longs to subgenus Pyrosomata ambulata, but is not iden-
tifiable as to species.

THE LIZARD

A specimen of lizard which was included in the ma-
terial has been identified by the Assistant Curator of
Reptiles and Batrachians of the Smithsonian Institution
(Miss Doris M. Cochran) as Cryptoblepharus poecilo-

pleurus, which belongs to a group which is distributed
widely over the tropical regions of both hemispheres.
It was taken under a stone on land at Easter Island De-
cember 9, 1928, between stations 53 and 54.